Variasi Ukuran dan Tipe Kelompok Muncak (Muntiacus Muntjak Zimmermann, 1780) Berdasarkan Tipe Vegetasi di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon

The size and type of animal groups is affected by various ecological factors, such as vegetation and seasonal changes. Understanding of the environmental factors that influence the variation of size and type of the group is important to manage the species according to its behaviour. This study was conducted by using video trap. There were two types of barking deer group size, solitary (97%) and family unit (3%). Solitary barking deer most frequently recorded in secondary forest, while family unit in shrub vegetation. Six types of group were identified: 46% male groups; 32% female groups; 19% sub adult groups; 3% mixed adult groups; 0.003% adult and sub adult groups; and 0.001% family group. Adult and sub adult groups and family group captured most frequently in shrub, while male, female, and sub adult groups in secondary forest. Mixed adult groups captured most frequently both in shrub and secondary forest. Chi-square test indicated that both group size and group type variation were not correlated with vegetation types. Group types significantly related to the time of survey, but group size was not correlated

VARIASI UKURAN DAN TIPE KELOMPOK MUNCAK (Muntiacus muntjak Zimmermann, 1780) BERDASARKAN TIPE VEGETASI DI TAMAN NASIONAL UJUNG KULON

The size and type of animal groups is affected by various ecological factors, such as vegetation and seasonal changes. Understanding of the environmental factors that influence the variation of size and type of the group is important to manage the species according to its behaviour. This study was conducted by using video trap. There were two types of barking deer group size, solitary (97%) and family unit (3%). Solitary barking deer most frequently recorded in secondary forest, while family unit in shrub vegetation. Six types of group were identified: 46% male groups; 32% female groups; 19% sub adult groups; 3% mixed adult groups; 0.003% adult and sub adult groups; and  0.001% family group. Adult and sub adult groups and family group captured most frequently in shrub, while male, female, and sub adult groups in secondary forest. Mixed adult groups captured most frequently both in shrub and secondary forest. Chi-square test indicated that both group size and group type variation were not correlated with vegetation types. Group types significantly related to the time of survey, but group size was not correlated. Keywords: Barking deer, Group type, Group size, Ujung Kulon National Park, Vegetation  types

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KARAKTERISTIK LOKASI CAMERA TRAP DENGAN KEBERHASILAN PEREKAMAN BADAK JAWA (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822) DI TAMAN NASIONAL UJUNG KULON

Inventory of the rare javan rhino population keep doing continuously to know the trend of javan rhino population. However, inventory of javan rhino population hard to be done by people because javan rhino very sensitive to human presence. Inventory of javan rhino has improved by using camera trap but not every camera trap effective on capture the javan rhino. One of the problem is the location of camera trap not appropriate with javan rhino movement. Therefore, analizing correlation between characteristic of camera trap site with the success of recording javan rhino is necessary. The objective of this research is to identify the correlation between some of the characteristic of camera trap site which is estimated related to the success of recording javan rhino. The result of this research indicates that distance between camera trap with feces, footprint, human track and topography has correlation with the amount of  javan rhino clip. Keywords: camera trap, javan rhino, Ujung Kulon National Park

Using bycatch data to model sun bear Helarctos malayanus occupancy in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra

Surveys targeting flagship species frequently record the presence of other species, providing valuable bycatch data to fill knowledge gaps on the ecology of overlooked species. Using bycatch records from camera-trap surveys for the tiger Panthera tigris, we model occupancy of the sun bear Helarctos malayanus, predict its temporal change in occupancy during 2015–2019 and determine its activity patterns in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Sumatra, Indonesia. We performed single-season occupancy modelling that considered unequal detection probability from sun bear detection/non-detection records. We found that the sun bear occupancy in the Intensive Protection Zone (i.e. the priority protection area) of the National Park was slightly higher than in the north of the National Park. In the Intensive Protection Zone, sun bear occupancy was estimated to be 0.67 in 2015 and increased to 0.83 in 2019, but this increase was not substantial. The sun bear exhibited a cathemeral activity pattern. Most activity occurred during the day (46.2%), followed by night (21.2%), dusk (20.9%) and dawn (11.7%). We encourage collaboration amongst institutions conducting camera-trap studies in Sumatra to examine the ecology of other threatened yet overlooked species, to assess the broader biodiversity benefits of flagship species conservation and to strengthen science-based conservation efforts