Estrategias de marketing tradicional y digital aplicadas al sector de cursos de idiomas en el extranjero

En la actualidad, los cursos de idiomas en el extranjero se han convertido en un fenómeno importante en el plano formativo. De hecho, en la inmensa mayoría de ofertas de trabajo se exige conocer una segunda lengua (fundamentalmente inglés). En consecuencia, la importancia de aprender otros idiomas hace que sean muchos los demandantes de este tipo de programas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar en profundidad el sector de los cursos de idiomas en el extranjero haciendo especial hincapié en las estrategias de marketing tradicional y digital que se llevan a cabo desde el mismo. A este respecto, hay que destacar que la preocupación por conseguir un buen nivel de otra lengua extranjera hace que, cada vez con más frecuencia, accedamos a internet para informarnos. Debido a ello, nos encontramos ante un sector en el que el marketing digital está ganando terreno y su importancia ha pasado a ser clave. Además, se expondrá un caso de éxito relativo a la empresa EF. De esta forma, se analizarán las estrategias llevadas a cabo por la empresa líder del sector y se estudiarán las razones que han conducido a su éxito. Finalmente, el análisis realizado tendrá en cuenta la situación actual del sector derivada de la crisis sanitaria y económica provocada por la COVID-19.Currently, language courses abroad have become an important phenomenon in terms of education. In fact, the vast majority of job offers require knowing a second language (mainly English). Consequently, the importance of learning other languages means that there are many applicants for these types of programs. The aim of this project is to analyze in depth the sector of language courses abroad with special emphasis on the traditional and digital marketing strategies. In this regard, it should be noted that the concern about getting a good level of another foreign language means that we are more frequently accessing the internet to inform ourselves. Due to this, we are facing a sector in which digital marketing is gaining ground and its importance has become key. In addition, a success story related to the EF company will be presented. In this way, the strategies carried out by the leading company in the sector will be analyzed and the reasons that have led to its success will be studied. Finally, the analysis will take into account the current situation of the sector derived from the health and economic crisis caused by COVID-19

Genome expression analysis of nonproliferating intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar ty phimurium unravels an acid pH-dependent PhoP-PhoQ response essential for dormancy

Genome-wide expression analyses have provided clues on how Salmonella proliferates inside cultured macrophages and epithelial cells. However, in vivo studies show that Salmonella does not replicate massively within host cells, leaving the underlyingmechanisms of such growth control largely undefined. In vitro infection models based on fibroblasts or dendritic cells reveal limited proliferation of the pathogen, but it is presently unknown whether these phenomena reflect events occurring in vivo. Fibroblasts are distinctive, since they represent a nonphagocytic cell type in which S. enterica serovar Typhimurium actively attenuates intracellular growth. Here, we show in the mouse model that S. Typhimurium restrains intracellular growth within nonphagocytic cells positioned in the intestinal lamina propria. This response requires a functional PhoP-PhoQ system and is reproduced inprimary fibroblasts isolated from the mouse intestine. The fibroblast infection model was exploited to generate transcriptome data, which revealed that [H11011]2% (98 genes) of the S. Typhimurium genome is differentially expressed in nongrowing intracellular bacteria. Changes include metabolic reprogramming to microaerophilic conditions, induction of virulence plasmid genes,upregulation of the pathogenicity islands SPI-1 and SPI-2, and shutdown of flagella production and chemotaxis. Comparison of relative protein levels of several PhoP-PhoQ-regulated functions (PagN, PagP, and VirK) in nongrowing intra-cellular bacteria andextracellular bacteria exposed to diverse PhoP-PhoQ-inducing signals denoted a regulation responding to acidic pH. These data demonstrate that S. Typhimurium restrains intracellular growth in vivo and support a model in which dormant intracellular bacteriacould sense vacuolar acidification to stimulate the PhoP-PhoQ system for preventing intracellular overgrowth.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad BIO2010-18885 CSD2008-00013-INTERMODS BIO2010-15023Junta de Andalucía P10-CVI-587

Genome expression analysis of nonproliferating intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium unravels an acid pH-dependent PhoP-PhoQ response essential for dormancy

Genome-wide expression analyses have provided clues on how Salmonella proliferates inside cultured macrophages and epithelial cells. However, in vivo studies show that Salmonella does not replicate massively within host cells, leaving the underlying mechanisms of such growth control largely undefined. In vitro infection models based on fibroblasts or dendritic cells reveal limited proliferation of the pathogen, but it is presently unknown whether these phenomena reflect events occurring in vivo. Fibroblasts are distinctive, since they represent a nonphagocytic cell type in which S. enterica serovar Typhimurium actively attenuates intracellular growth. Here, we show in the mouse model that S. Typhimurium restrains intracellular growth within nonphagocytic cells positioned in the intestinal lamina propria. This response requires a functional PhoP-PhoQ system and is reproduced in primary fibroblasts isolated from the mouse intestine. The fibroblast infection model was exploited to generate transcriptome data, which revealed that2% (98 genes) of the S. Typhimurium genome is differentially expressed in nongrowing intracellular bacteria. Changes include metabolic reprogramming to microaerophilic conditions, induction of virulence plasmid genes, upregulation of the pathogenicity islands SPI-1 and SPI-2, and shutdown of flagella production and chemotaxis. Comparison of relative protein levels of several PhoP-PhoQ-regulated functions (PagN, PagP, and VirK) in nongrowing intracellular bacteria and extracellular bacteria exposed to diverse PhoP-PhoQ-inducing signals denoted a regulation responding to acidic pH. These data demonstrate that S. Typhimurium restrains intracellular growth in vivo and support a model in which dormant intracellular bacteria could sense vacuolar acidification to stimulate the PhoP-PhoQ system for preventing intracellular overgrowth.This work was supported by grants BIO2010-18885 (to F.G-P.), CSD2008-00013-INTERMODS (to F.G.-P. and J.C.), and BIO2010-15023 (to J.C.) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and grant P10-CVI-5879 from the Junta of Andalucía (to J.C.). C.N.-H. and A.T. held fellowships from the Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de MadridPeer Reviewe

The Hog1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is Essential in the Oxidative Stress Response and Chlamydospore Formation in Candida albicans

Candida albicans mutants with mutations in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase HOG1 displayed an increased sensitivity to agents producing reactive oxygen species, such as oxidants (menadione, hydrogen peroxide, or potassium superoxide), and UV light. Consistent with this finding, C. albicans Hog1 was activated not only in response to an increase in external osmolarity, as happens with its Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue, but also in response to hydrogen peroxide. The Hog1-mediated response to oxidative stress was different from that of transcription factor Cap1, the homologue of S. cerevisiae Yap1, as shown by the different sensitivities to oxidants and the kinetics of cell death of cap1Δ, hog1, and hog1 cap1Δ mutants. Deletion of CAP1 did not influence the level of Hog1 phosphorylation, and deletion of HOG1 did not affect Cap1 nuclear localization. Moreover, we show that the HOG1 gene plays a role in chlamydospore formation, another oxygen-related morphogenetic event, as demonstrated by the fact that hog1 cells were unable to generate these thick-walled structures in several media through a mechanism different from that of the EFG1 regulator. This is the first demonstration of the role of the Hog1-mediated MAP kinase pathway in resistance to oxidative stress in pathogenic fungi, and it allows us to propose a molecular model for the oxidative stress response in C. albicans