918 research outputs found

    Multiscale inference for a multivariate density with applications to X-ray astronomy

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    In this paper we propose methods for inference of the geometric features of a multivariate density. Our approach uses multiscale tests for the monotonicity of the density at arbitrary points in arbitrary directions. In particular, a significance test for a mode at a specific point is constructed. Moreover, we develop multiscale methods for identifying regions of monotonicity and a general procedure for detecting the modes of a multivariate density. It is is shown that the latter method localizes the modes with an effectively optimal rate. The theoretical results are illustrated by means of a simulation study and a data example. The new method is applied to and motivated by the determination and verification of the position of high-energy sources from X-ray observations by the Swift satellite which is important for a multiwavelength analysis of objects such as Active Galactic Nuclei.Comment: Keywords and Phrases: multiple tests, modes, multivariate density, X-ray astronomy AMS Subject Classification: 62G07, 62G10, 62G2

    Stereoscopic depth estimation for online vision systems

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    A lot of work has been done in the area of machine stereo vision, but a severe drawback of today's algorithms is that they either achieve high accuracy and robustness by sacrificing real-time speed or they are real-time capable but with major deficiencies in quality. In order to tackle this problem this thesis presents two new methods which exhibit a very good balance between computational effort and depth accuracy. First, the summed normalized cross-correlation is proposed which constitutes a new cost function for block-matching stereo processing. In contrast to most standard cost functions it hardly suffers from the fattening effect while being computationally very efficient. Second, the direct surface fitting, a new algorithm for fitting parametric surface models to stereo images, is introduced. This algorithm is inspired by the homography-constrained gradient descent methods but in contrast to these allows also for the estimation of non-planar surfaces. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that both newly introduced algorithms are competitive to state-of-the-art in terms of accuracy while having a much lower computational time.Die visuelle Wahrnehmung des Menschen wird in hohem Maße vom stereoskopischenSehen beeinflusst. Die dreidimensionale Wahrnehmung entsteht dabei durch dieleicht unterschiedlichen Blickwinkel der beiden Augen. Es ist eine nahe liegendeAnnahmen, dass maschinelle Sehsysteme ebenfalls von einem vergleichbaren Sinnprofitieren können. Obwohl es bereits zahlreiche Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet desmaschinellen stereoskopischen Sehen gibt, erfĂŒllen die heutigen Algorithmenentweder nicht die Anforderungen fĂŒr eine effiziente Berechnung oder aber siehaben nur eine geringe Genauigkeit und Robustheit. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist die Entwicklung von echtzeit- undrealweltfĂ€higen stereoskopischen Algorithmen. Insbesondere soll die Berechnungder Algorithmen leichtgewichtig genug sein, um auf mobilen Plattformeneingesetzt werden zu können. Dazu werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zwei neueMethoden vorgestellt, welche sich durch eine gute Balance zwischenGeschwindigkeit und Genauigkeit auszeichnen. Als erstes wird die "Summed Normalized Cross-Correlation" (SNCC) vorgestellt,eine neue Kostenfunktion fĂŒr blockvergleichende, stereoskopischeTiefenschĂ€tzung. Im Unterschied zu den meisten anderen Kostenfunktionen ist SNCCnicht anfĂ€llig fĂŒr den qualitĂ€tsmindernden "Fattening"-Effekt, kann abertrotzdem sehr effizient berechnet werden. Die Auswertung der Genauigkeit aufStandard Benchmark-Tests zeigt, dass mit SNCC die Genauigkeit von lokaler,blockvergleichsbasierter, stereoskopischer Berechnung nahe an die Genauigkeitvon global optimierenden Methoden basierend auf "Graph Cut" oder "BeliefPropagation" heran kommt. Die zweite vorgestellte Methode ist das "Direct Surface Fitting", ein neuerAlgorithmus zum SchĂ€tzen parametrischer OberflĂ€chenmodelle an Hand vonStereobildern. Dieser Algorithmus ist inspiriert vom Homographie-beschrĂ€nktenGradientenabstieg, welcher hĂ€ufig dazu benutzt wird um die Lage von planarenOberflĂ€chen im Raum zu SchĂ€tzen. Durch die Ersetzung des Gradientenabstiegs mitder direkten Suchmethodik von Hooke und Jeeves wird die planare SchĂ€tzung aufbeliebige parametrische OberflĂ€chenmodelle und beliebige Kostenfunktionenerweitert. Ein Vergleich auf Standard Benchmark-Tests zeigt, dass "DirectSurface Fitting" eine vergleichbare Genauigkeit wie Methoden aus dem Stand derTechnik hat, im Gegensatz zu diesen aber höhere Robustheit in anspruchsvollenSituationen besitzt. Um die Realwelttauglichkeit und Effizienz der vorgestellten Methoden zuuntermauern wurden diese in ein Automobil- und in ein Robotersystemintegriert. Die mit diesen mobilen Systemen durchgefĂŒhrten Experimentedemonstrieren die hohe Robustheit und StabilitĂ€t der eingefĂŒhrten Methoden

    Attenuation Effects on Imaging Diagnostics of Hollow-Cone Sprays

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    Detrimental effects to quantitative interpretation of Mie and laser-induced fluorescence images of hollow-cone sprays were investigated. The attenuation of the laser beam leads to locally unknown intensities rendering it impossible to obtain high-fidelity images of these sprays. Two strategies that use bidirectional illumination of the spray are discussed and evaluated. Conditions for which a bidirectional illumination, single-image detection will allow good recovery of the spray structure are identified. Furthermore, the attenuation of laser-induced fluorescence signals on their path through the spray is quantified.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86760/1/Sick31.pd

    Using Interstellar Clouds to Search for Galactic PeVatrons: Gamma-ray Signatures from Supernova Remnants

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    Interstellar clouds can act as target material for hadronic cosmic rays; gamma rays subsequently produced through inelastic proton-proton collisions and spatially associated with such clouds can provide a key indicator of efficient particle acceleration. However, even in the case that particle acceleration proceeds up to PeV energies, the system of accelerator and nearby target material must fulfil a specific set of conditions in order to produce a detectable gamma-ray flux. In this study, we rigorously characterise the necessary properties of both cloud and accelerator. By using available Supernova Remnant (SNR) and interstellar cloud catalogues, we produce a ranked shortlist of the most promising target systems, those for which a detectable gamma-ray flux is predicted, in the case that particles are accelerated to PeV energies in a nearby SNR. We discuss detection prospects for future facilities including CTA, LHAASO and SWGO; and compare our predictions with known gamma-ray sources. The four interstellar clouds with the brightest predicted fluxes >100 TeV identified by this model are located at (l,b) = (330.05, 0.13), (15.82, -0.46), (271.09, -1.26), and (21.97, -0.29). These clouds are consistently bright under a range of model scenarios, including variation in the diffusion coefficient and particle spectrum. On average, a detectable gamma-ray flux is more likely for more massive clouds; systems with lower separation distance between the SNR and cloud; and for slightly older SNRs.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 30 pages, 16 figures, 7 table

    The data mining guide to the galaxy

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    This thesis is concerned with the examination of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) within the field of gamma-ray and multi-wavelength astronomy in conjunction with data mining applications. The extension of the population of AGNs enables a tremendous refinement of our knowledge of gamma-ray emitting objects. For this purpose, the information about the class affiliation of a cataloged source and its corresponding counterparts is important. To possibly extend the AGN population, the multi-wavelength data of a list of AGN candidates from the Fermi catalog have been investigated to increase the quality of the prediction. The capability and performance of this method has been proven in the scope of this thesis. However, this procedure is quite complex, and does not fully exploit data mining techniques. For that reason, a new approach to search for AGN candidates in the Fermi catalog has been developed, and the suitability of the concept has been proven. This method exploits multi-wavelength information in conjunction with data mining methods to determine both the affiliation of the class and the counterpart. The classification task of the previous search has been refined to search for specific blazars, a subtype of AGNs, and their counterparts. Despite the higher complexity, the capability of the method has been successfully demonstrated. A very promising blazar candidate has been observed with the MAGIC telescopes. The analysis of these observations resulted in the derivation of flux upper limits, which have been set in context with observations at other wavelengths, allowing conclusions on the properties of the object. The MAGIC analysis chain offers the possibility to utilize data mining techniques to reconstruct the energy or to discriminate between gamma rays and hadrons. So far, the approach to reconstruct the energy of stereoscopic observations with these techniques has not been exploited, and thus, it has been newly set up. Both stated applicabilities have been revised, optimized and evaluated, and their benefits have been illustrated. Especially, the choice of the feature set to generate the models turned out to be extremely important.Diese Arbeit beschĂ€ftigt sich mit der Untersuchung von Aktiven Galaktischen Kernen (AGN) im Bereich der Gamma- und MultiwellenlĂ€ngenastronomie in Verbindung mit Data-Mining-Anwendungen. Die Erweiterung der AGN-Population ermöglicht eine enorme Verfeinerung unseres Wissens ĂŒber Objekte, die Gammastrahlung emittieren. Zu diesem Zweck sind die Informationen ĂŒber die Klassenzugehörigkeit einer katalogisierten Quelle und die entsprechenden GegenstĂŒcke wichtig. Um die AGN-Population möglicherweise zu erweitern, wurden die MultiwellenlĂ€ngen-Daten einer Liste von AGN-Kandidaten aus dem Fermi-Katalog untersucht, um die QualitĂ€t der Vorhersage zu erhöhen. Die FĂ€higkeit dieser Methode wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nachgewiesen. Dieses Verfahren ist jedoch recht komplex und nutzt Data-Mining-Techniken nicht vollstĂ€ndig aus. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein neuer Ansatz fĂŒr die Suche nach AGN-Kandidaten im Fermi-Katalog entwickelt und die Eignung des Konzepts nachgewiesen. Diese Methode nutzt MultiwellenlĂ€ngen-Informationen in Verbindung mit Data-Mining-Methoden, um sowohl die Klassenzugehörigkeit als auch das GegenstĂŒck zu bestimmen. Die Klassifizierungsaufgabe der vorherigen Suche wurde verfeinert, um nach bestimmten Blazaren, einem Subtyp von AGNs und ihren GegenstĂŒcken zu suchen. Trotz der höheren KomplexitĂ€t konnte die Eignung der Methode erfolgreich nachgewiesen werden. Ein vielversprechender Blazar-Kandidat wurde mit den MAGIC-Teleskopen beobachtet. Die Analyse dieser Beobachtungen fĂŒhrte zur Bestimmung von Fluss-Obergrenzen, die in Zusammenhang mit Beobachtungen in anderen WellenlĂ€ngen gesetzt wurden, so dass RĂŒckschlĂŒsse auf die Eigenschaften des Objekts möglich waren. Die MAGIC-Analysekette bietet die Möglichkeit Data-Mining-Techniken zur Rekonstruktion der Energie oder zur Unterscheidung von Gammastrahlung und Hadronen zu nutzen. Der Ansatz, die Energie stereoskopischer Beobachtungen mit diesen Techniken zu rekonstruieren, wurde bisher nicht ausgenutzt und deshalb neu aufgesetzt. Die beiden genannten Anwendungsmöglichkeiten wurden optimiert und evaluiert. Insbesondere die Wahl des Parametersatzes zur Generierung der Modelle erwies sich als Ă€ußerst wichtig

    Nachlass Gottfried JĂŒrgas (1933-2004) - Mscr.Dresd.App.JĂŒrgas: Schriftsteller

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    VorlÀufiges Verzeichnis 2008 von Kristin Einecke und Roland Schram

    Search for high-confidence blazar candidates and their MWL counterparts in the Fermi-LAT catalog using machine learning

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    A large fraction of the gamma-ray sources presented in the Third Fermi-LAT source catalog (3FGL) is affiliated with counterparts and source types, but 1010 sources remain unassociated and 573 sources are associated with active galaxies of uncertain type. The purpose of this study is to assign blazar classes to these unassociated and uncertain sources, and to link counterparts to the unassociated. A machine learning algorithm is used for the classification, based on properties extracted from the 3FGL, an infrared and an X-ray catalog. To estimate the reliability of the classification, performance measures are considered through validation techniques. The classification yielded purity values around 90% with efficiency values of roughly 50%. The prediction of high-confidence blazar candidates has been conducted successfully, and the possibility to link counterparts in the same procedure has been proven. These findings confirm the relevance of this novel multiwavelength approach

    The Gamma Ray Origin in RXJ0852.0-4622 Quantifying the Hadronic and Leptonic Components: Further Evidence for the Cosmic Ray Acceleration in Young Shell-type SNRs

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    Fukui et al. (2021) quantified the hadronic and leptonic gamma rays in the young TeV gamma ray shell-type supernova remnant (SNR) RXJ1713.7-3946 (RXJ1713), and demonstrated that the gamma rays are a combination of the hadronic and leptonic gamma ray components with a ratio of ∌6:4\sim 6:4 in gamma ray counts NgN_\mathrm{g}. This discovery, which adopted a new methodology of multiple-linear gamma-ray decomposition, was the first quantification of the two gamma ray components. In the present work, we applied the same methodology to another TeV gamma ray shell-type SNR RX~J0852.0−-4622 (RXJ0852) in the 3D space characterized by [the interstellar proton column density NpN_{\mathrm{p}}]-[the nonthermal X-ray count NxN_{\mathrm{x}}]-[NgN_{\mathrm{g}}], and quantified the hadronic and leptonic gamma ray components to have a ratio of ∌5:5\sim 5:5 in NgN_{\mathrm{g}}. The present work adopted fitting of two/three flat planes in the 3D space instead of a single flat plane, which allowed to suppress fitting errors. The quantification indicates that the hadronic and leptonic gamma rays are in the same order of magnitude in these two core-collapse SNRs, verifying the significant hadronic gamma ray components. We argue that the target interstellar protons, in particular their spatial distribution, are essential in any attempts to identify type of particles responsible for the gamma-ray emission. The present results confirm that the CR energy â‰Č100\lesssim 100\,TeV is compatible with a scheme that SNRs are the dominant source of these Galactic CRs
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