What influences appetite more : eating approaches or cooking methods?

In general, vegetables are abundantly consumed in a calorie-restricted diet to achieve sufficient satiety through fresh food or various cooking methods. In this study, we examined the effects of different cooking methods on appetite and specific perceptions of the food after consumption ; eating approaches were also analyzed by meal duration. A total of 153 individuals aged 20-59 years were assigned to 2 groups : raw vegetable or boiled vegetable meals, including packed meals that were served as test meals with the same energy and vegetable amount. Subjective levels of sensory properties and meal duration were assessed over time using visual analog scales, including questionnaires. Results showed that meal duration was significantly longer for raw vegetable meals than boiled vegetable meals, and there were significantly stronger correlations between meal duration and fullness. A higher degree of fullness was provided by a raw vegetable meal than a boiled vegetable meal, especially in men. However, an excess of raw vegetables led to overall insufficient satisfaction. Taken together, these findings suggest that cooking methods should be altered for different situations with an adequate amount of vegetables, and the meal duration should be recommended to be given as much attention as cooking methods

Evaluation of Edge Domains in Giant Magnetoresistive Junctions

We demonstrate that the spin-Seebeck effect can be used to estimate the volume of edge domains formed in a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) device. The thermal gradient induced by Joule heating can be harnessed by the addition of a ferromagnetically insulating channel of Fe2O3 on the sides of the GMR pillar. This generates a spin wave in the Fe2O3 which couples with the free-layer edge magnetisation and controls the reversal of the ferromagnetic layers in one direction only, increasing current density from (1.1±0.1)x107 A/cm2 to (7.0±0.5)x107 A/cm2. By simple assumption, we estimate the effect of the edge domain on magnetisation reversal to be (10-15)% by spin-transfer torque

Current-Induced Crystallisation in a Heusler-Alloy-Based Giant Magnetoresistive Junction for Neuromorphic Potentiation

Recent development in neuromorphic computation allows us to achieve low power and highly efficient calculations better than the conventional von Neumann computation. In order to achieve realistic synaptic operation, potentiation to add weighting to strengthen a selected artificial synapse. Such functionality can be achieved by reducing the electrical resistance of the artificial synapse. Recently, a ferromagnetic Heusler alloy used in a magnetoresistive junction has been demonstrated to crystallise via the layer-by-layer mode by introducing an electrical current pulse. In this study, we have extended the current-induced crystallisation to a junction with epitaxially-grown Heusler alloy after post-annealing for crystallisation. By combining this potentiation functionality with the neuromorphic operation, realistic synaptic computation can be developed

A study of beam ion and deuterium–deuterium fusion-born triton transports due to energetic particle-driven magnetohydrodynamic instability in the large helical device deuterium plasmas

Understanding energetic particle transport due to magnetohydrodynamic instabilities excited by energetic particles is essential to apprehend alpha particle confinement in a fusion burning plasma. In the large helical device (LHD), beam ion and deuterium–deuterium fusion-born triton transport due to resistive interchange mode destabilized by helically-trapped energetic ions (EIC) are studied employing comprehensive neutron diagnostics, such as the neutron flux monitor and a newly developed scintillating fiber detector characterized by high detection efficiency. Beam ion transport due to EIC is studied in deuterium plasmas with full deuterium or hydrogen/deuterium beam injections. The total neutron emission rate (Sn) measurement indicates that EIC induces about a 6% loss of passing transit beam ions and a 60% loss of helically-trapped ions. The loss rate of helically-trapped ions, which drive EIC, is larger than the loss rate of passing transit beam ions. Furthermore, the drop of Sn increasing linearly with the EIC amplitude shows that barely confined beam ions existing near the confinement-loss boundary are lost due to EIC. In full deuterium conditions, a study of deuterium–deuterium fusion-born triton transport due to EIC is performed by time-resolved measurement of total secondary deuterium–tritium neutron emission rate (Sn_DT). Drop of Sn_DT increases substantially with EIC amplitude to the third power and reaches up to 30%. The relation shows that not only tritons confined in confined-loss boundary, but also tritons confined in the inner region of a plasma, are substantially transported

Spin Caloritronics

This is a brief overview of the state of the art of spin caloritronics, the science and technology of controlling heat currents by the electron spin degree of freedom (and vice versa).Comment: To be published in "Spin Current", edited by S. Maekawa, E. Saitoh, S. Valenzuela and Y. Kimura, Oxford University Pres

Studies of energetic particle transport induced by multiple Alfvén eigenmodes using neutron and escaping energetic particle diagnostics in Large Helical Device deuterium plasmas

Studies of energetic particle transport due to energetic-particle-driven Alfvénic instability have progressed using neutron and energetic particle diagnostics in Large Helical Device deuterium plasmas. Alfvénic instability excited by injecting an intensive neutral beam was observed by a magnetic probe and a far-infrared laser interferometer. The interferometer showed Alfvénic instability composed of three modes that existed from the core to the edge of the plasma. A comparison between the observed frequency and shear Alfvén spectra suggested that the mode activity was most likely classified as an Alfvénic avalanche. A neutron fluctuation detector and a fast ion loss detector indicated that Alfvénic instability induced transport and loss of co-going transit energetic ions. The dependence of the drop rate of the neutron signal on the Alfvénic instability amplitude showed that significant transport occurred. Significant transport might be induced by the large amplitude and radially extended multiple modes, as well as a large deviation of the energetic ion orbit from the flux surface