Comparing outpatient oral antibiotic use in Germany and the Netherlands from 2012 to 2016

PURPOSE: Overuse of antibiotics is of concern, but may differ between European countries. This study compares outpatient use of oral antibiotics between Germany (DE) and the Netherlands (NL). METHODS For DE, we used the DAPI database with information on dispensings at the expense of the Statutory Health Insurance Funds from > 80% of community pharmacies. For NL, data were obtained from the Dutch Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics. Use of oral antibiotics was estimated as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), except for age comparisons as packages per 1000 inhabitants annually. National time trends were assessed with linear regression, stratified for the major antibiotic classes, and individual substances. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2016, outpatient antibiotic use was lower in NL than in DE (9.64 vs 14.14 DID in 2016) and non‐significantly decreased slightly over time in both countries. In DE, dispensings of oral antibiotics to children were higher compared with NL for the age groups 2 to 5 (2.0‐fold in 2016) and 6 to 14 years (2.7‐fold in 2016). Use of cephalosporins was very low in NL (0.02 DID in 2016), but the second most frequently dispensed class in DE (2.95 DID in 2016). CONCLUSION: From 2012 to 2016, outpatient use of oral antibiotics was lower in NL than in DE. Differences were primarily observed in the age groups 2 to 5 and 6 to 14 years, although the recommendations of evidence‐based guidelines in both countries were in agreement

Is Being 'Soft on Crime' the Solution to Rising Crime Rates? Evidence from Germany

Based on a theoretical framework on informal, custodial and non-custodial sentencing, the paper provides econometric tests on the effectiveness of police, public prosecution and courts. Using a unique dataset covering German states for the period 1977- 2001, a comprehensive system of criminal prosecution indicators is derived and subsequently related to the incidence of six major offence categories using panel-econometrics. Empirical evidence suggests that the criminal policy of diversion failed as increasing shares of dismissals by prosecutors and judges enhance crime rates in Germany. Crime is significantly deterred by higher clearance and conviction rates, while the effects of indicators representing type (fine, probation, imprisonment) and severity (length of prison sentence, amount of fine) of punishment are often small and insignificant

Untersuchungen zum Ersatz von Tierversuchen bei der Stammhaltung und Vermehrung von Toxoplasma gondii (Apikomplexa) Schlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: DtF QN1(86,37) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman

Optimierung des retroviralen Gentransfers in humane lymphohaematopoetische Stammzellen: Entwicklung effizienter Expressionskonstrukte mit erhoehter Affinitaet zu pluripotenten Stammzellen

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: DtF QN1(91,26) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Benutzerhandbuch fuer das Programm-Paket CARE

SIGLEDEGerman

Benutzerhandbuch fuer das Programm-Paket SESAM

SIGLEDEGerman

Entwicklung einer Methode zur vereinfachten rechnerunterstuetzen Bestimmung von Vorgabezeiten und Kosten bei Schleifoperationen Arbeitsbericht

SIGLETechnische Informationsbibliothek Hannover: AC 5714. / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Auswertung einschliesslich Ueberpruefung der meteorologischen Messwerte der Wetterstation am Standort des Endlagers Morsleben (ERAM) fuer die Jahre 1995 bis 2000

Mit der meteorologischen Station am Endlager Morsleben soll eine fuer den Standort repraesentative Beschreibung der meteorologischen Verhaeltnisse durchgefuehrt werden. Die Daten werden seit 1995 erfasst und sollen es ermoeglichen, 1. eine laengerfristige Statistik der meteorologischen Verhaeltnisse am Standort fuer Langzeitausbreitungsrechnungen zu erhalten und 2. im Betrieb Kenntnis ueber die jeweils aktuelle meteorologische Situation zu haben. Folgende meteorologischen Messgroessen werden von der automatisch arbeitenden Wetterstation erfasst: Lufttemperatur, relative Feuchte, Strahlungsbilanz, Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Luftdruck, Niederschlag (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RO 9716(34/01) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Erarbeitung von Ersatzmethoden fuer Tierversuche zur Wirksamkeitspruefung von Mitteln gegen die Rotlaufinfektion der Schweine Abschlussbericht

Available from TIB Hannover: F95B1309+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie (BMFT), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman