Linnud Eesti zooarheoloogilises materjalis: mitmekesisus, tähtsus ja varaseimad tõendid kodustatud liikidest

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneLinnud on inimeste elus läbi aegade olulist rolli mänginud. Üks viis lindude tähtsuse mõistmiseks minevikus on uurida arheoloogilisi linnuluid zooarheoloogia meetoditega. Väitekirja esimene eesmärk oli välja selgitada, milliseid linde leidub Eesti zooarheoloogilises materjalis ja milline oli nende lindude olulisus inimeste jaoks. Selleks kaasasin uurimistöösse tänapäevase Viljandi linna alalt leitud linnuluud, mis pärinevad hilisviikingiajast varauusajani ehk vahemikust 10.–18. sajand. Saadud tulemusi võrdlesin Klaipėda ordulinnuselt Leedus leitud luudega. Kuna enamik leide olid toidujäätmed, siis selgus, et toidulauale jõudis erinevaid linnuliike. Suurem osa luid kuulus kodukanadele, hanedele ja partidele, kuid leidus ka näiteks sookurgede, luikede ja metsiste luid. Viimased liigid olid seotud kõrgemas staatuses inimeste toidulauaga. Lindudel oli ka oma sümboolne tähendus, sest neid pandi kaasa hauapanusena kalmetesse või valmistati nende luudest ripatseid. Lisaks kasutati osa linde ka kukevõitlusel ja jahipidamisel. Töö teine eesmärk oli uurida, millal jõudsid kõige levinumad kodulinnud ehk kodukana ja -hani Eesti alale. Varaseim kodukana luu pärineb Rebala Lastekangrute I kalmest ning on rohkem kui kaks tuhat aastat vana. Alates ajast umbes tuhat aastat tagasi leidub kanaluid Eesti muististes juba rohkelt. Esimeste koduhanede otsimine osutus aga märksa keerulisemaks ülesandeks, kuna metsikud ja kodustatud vormid on omavahel väga sarnased. Siiski on võimalik, et hanesid hakati Eesti alal kasvatama juba rauaajal. Kalkunid jõudsid Eestisse kirjalike allikate põhjal 16. sajandil, kuid senised arheoloogilised leiud on hilisemad. See, millal kodupardid, -tuvid ja paabulinnud Eesti alale jõudsid, jääb edasiseks uurimisülesandeks.Birds have been an important part of peoples’ lives through time. One way to understand the meaning of birds in the past is to study archaeological bird bones with zooarchaeological methods. The first aim of this dissertation was to discuss the diversity of birds in Estonian zooarchaeological material and their importance in past societies. For that purpose, bird bones from modern-day Viljandi, dated to 10th–18th centuries, were included in the study. The results were compared to the material from Klaipėda Castle, Lithuania. Most of the analysed bones were food waste and belonged mostly to chicken, goose and duck. Other species, for example the Eurasian crane, swan and western capercaillie were also present. The latter were related to the inhabitants of higher status. Additionally, birds held a symbolic meaning, as they were accompanied in burials and their bones were made into pendants. Some birds were also used for cockfighting and hawking. The second aim of the study was to clarify when were the main domestic birds – chicken and goose – brought to the area of present-day Estonia. The earliest evidence of chicken was found from Rebala stone grave and is more than two thousand years old. Since the time around a thousand years ago, chicken remains in Estonian archaeological sites are already abundant. The earliest evidence of the domestic goose, on the other hand, proved to be a difficult task, because its wild and domestic forms are very similar. However, it is possible that geese were bred here already in the Iron Age. Turkeys were brought to the area of present-day Estonia during the 16th century as suggested by the written sources, but the zooarchaeological evidence come from later periods. The first appearance of domestic ducks, pigeons and peafowl is yet to be clarified in the future.https://doi.org/10.15157/diss/013https://www.ester.ee/record=b549515

Kana ja teised linnud muinasaegse Viljandi Lossimägedes

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4579138*es

Linnuluud Viljandi keskaegses ja varauusaegses zooarheoloogilises materjalis

http://www.ester.ee/record=b5142472*es

Zooarchaeological evidence for the exploitation of birds in medieval and early modern Estonia (ca 1200–1800)

In this paper, we discuss bird bones from sixteen sites across Estonia, focusing on the Medieval and Early Modern Period (ca 1200â1800). Zooarchaeology, stable isotope analysis and Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectometry (ZooMS) are used to explore how the exploitation of birds has differed between sites of various functions and locations. The results demonstrate the ubiquity of the chicken as the most abundant avian species in most sites and periods under study. The goose and the duck were the second and third most common species identified in the assemblages. Species diversity was highest at castle sites, where the presence of different wild birds can be associated with higher social status; however, the use of several bird species is unlikely to be food-related. The most frequently discovered wild birds were the black grouse and the western capercaillie, which are also known to have been served at feasts. This paper presents the first comprehensive study of Estonian avian zooarchaeological material from various contexts, giving a better overview of the importance of birds to historical communities

Multi-isotopic analysis of zooarchaeological material from Estonia (ca. 200–1800 CE): Variation among food webs and geographical regions

To better comprehend the dietary practices of past populations in the Eastern Baltic region we have created temporally and geographically restricted baselines for the time period of 200–1800 CE. In this multi-isotopic analysis, we report new δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values for 251 faunal bone collagen samples from various archaeological contexts in Estonia representing the most comprehensive set of Iron Age, Medieval and Early Modern Period faunal stable isotope values to date. The results map out the local carbon and nitrogen baselines and define isotopic ranges of local terrestrial, avian and aquatic fauna. We also demonstrate the potential application of sulfur stable isotope analysis in archaeological research. The results demonstrate a clear distinction between δ13C and δ34S values of marine and terrestrial species, however, freshwater fish display notable overlaps with both marine and terrestrial ranges for both δ13C and δ34S values. Herbivores show variation in δ34S values when grouped by region, explained by differences in the local biotopes. This study is the first attempt to connect the Eastern Baltic isotopic baselines and provides more detailed temporal and geographical references to study the local ecologies and interpret the human data

Bird bones from the archaeological excavations in the castle of the Teutonic Order in Klaipėda, Lithuania, in 2016

The dataset contains bird bone identifications by Freydis Ehrlich from May 2020 and is the dataset used for a publication Ehrlich et al 2020: https://doi.org/10.15388/ArchLit.2019.21.4 The bird bones were found from the archaeological excavations in 2016 in the castle of the Teutonic Order in Klaipėda, Lithuania. The bones are dated by context to the 13th-14th centuries. When using this dataset, please cite as follows: Ehrlich, F., 2020. Bird bones from the archaeological excavations in the castle of the Teutonic Order in Klaipėda, Lithuania, in 2016. UT DataDOI online repository. Available at: DOI link

Dataset on zooarchaeological records obtained from the Oa Street, Tartu (Estonia), excavations in 2021

The dataset contains animal bone identifications carried out by Freydis Ehrlich and Lembi Lõugas in 2021-2022. The bones come from the archaeological excavations conducted in Oa Street, Tartu, in 2021. The material is dated to the 13th till the 20th centuries. When using this dataset, please cite as follows: Ehrlich, F., Lõugas, L. 2022. Dataset on zooarchaeological records obtained from the Oa Street, Tartu (Estonia), excavations in 2021. UT DataDOI online repository. Available at: DOI link

Bird bones from archaeological excavations in Viljandi, Estonia, from 1987 to 2014

The dataset contains bird bone identifications by Freydis Ehrlich, Eve Rannamäe and Teresa Tomek from 2009-2018. The bird bones come from 35 archaeological excavations conducted in the town of Viljandi in 1987-2014. The material is dated from the 10th to 18th centuries; more information about the time periods can be found in the paper published based on this dataset. A paper has been published based on this dataset: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.07.018. When using this dataset, please cite as follows: Ehrlich, F., Rannamäe, E., Tomek, T. 2020. Bird bones from archaeological excavations in Viljandi, Estonia, from 1987 to 2014. UT DataDOI online repository. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.23673/re-31

Bird exploitation in Viljandi (Estonia) from the Late Iron Age to the early modern period (c. 950–1700)

202

Dataset of the archaeozoological (AZ) and -botanical (AB) records obtained from the Haapsalu Castle excavations in 2017

Andmekogu sisaldab ühe arheoloogilise objekti (Haapsalu linnuse vahitorni šaht) kaevamistelt kogutud loomaluude ja taimsete jäänuste uurimuse jooksul saadud andmeid ja koosneb tabelist ning uurimistulemuste aruandest, mis kirjeldab metoodikaid ja sisaldab andmete koondeid. Andmed selles andmekogus koguti Tallinna ja Tartu ülikoolides 2019. aastal.This dataset includes data on the animal bones and macrofossils gathered during the excavations of the Haapsalu Castle in 2017. The dataset consists of one table and a text file (report). Text file consits of methodological descriptsion and summaries of obtained data. Data were obtained in Tallinn and Tartu universities