教授行為の意図に関する教員志望学生の認知 : 熟練教師との比較から

本研究は，教員志望学生が授業観察において授業者の教授行為の意図をどの程度認知できるか，またその認知にはどのような特徴があるかについて明らかにするための試行的な調査を行い，熟練教師の結果との比較から検討を行ったものである。その結果，学生における教授行為の意図の認知は，熟練教師に比べ量的に少ないことが示された。また，学生の認知の特徴として，①目に留まった教授行為を断片的にとらえる一方で，本時の展開に沿って主要な教授行為の意図を読み取ることに困難がみられること，②着目する教授行為が授業者の発言，なかでも「問いかけ」に偏っており，質的なバリエーションが少ないこと，③認知された意図の内容が子どもの学習とどうつながるのかが明瞭でないものがあることが見いだされた。In this study, we conducted a trial investigation to clarify how much level preservice teachers could recognize the intention of teaching-behavior of the teacher in lesson observation and what kind of characteristics there were in the cognition, and examined it through the comparison with the result of the expert teacher. As a result, it was shown that there was quantitatively less cognition of intention of teaching-behaviors in preservice teachers than the expert teacher. In addition, the following characteristics about the cognition of preservice teachers were found: 1) Preservice teachers had difficulty in recognizing the intentions of main teaching-behaviors along the lesson flow while they fragmentarily recognized the teaching-behavior that caught their eyes. 2) Preservice teachers paid much attention to speech of the teacher, especially "questions" and had few qualitative variations of teaching-behaviors on recognizing the intention. 3) Preservice teachers had some recognized intention which was not clear how those contents are linked to the learning of pupils

モホウ ニヨル ガクシュウ デ ガクシュウ イヨク オ タカメル コト ノ ユウコウセイ ノ ケントウ : ショウガッコウ 6ネンセイ コクゴカ ノ ジュギョウ オ トオシテ

The goal of this study is to find a method for enhancing the learning motivation of undermotivated pupils in elementary school. To this end, the effectiveness of the groupuscule learning method involving imitation was examined in the context of a national language class. The undermotivated child due to poor reading and comprehension skills learned reading with two highly−motivated children having good reading and comprehension skills. She was urged to imitate the ideas of group members if she had difficulty in reading. The rate of raising a hand（to present her ideas）and the frequency of whispering were measured in six lessons and compared with the values of baseline to estimate her change in the degree of motivation for learning. The results showed this groupuscule learning method involving imitation had enhanced her motivation for learning of reading. This effect seemed to suggest that the undermotivated child had imitated both of the thinking process and attitude for learning of highly−motivated members through the group learning and consequently she began to understand learning contents and improve the attitude for learning

Cellular analysis of SOD1 protein-aggregation propensity and toxicity: a case of ALS with slow progression harboring homozygous SOD1-D92G mutation

Mutations within Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), accounting for approximately 20% of familial cases. The pathological feature is a loss of motor neurons with enhanced formation of intracellular misfolded SOD1. Homozygous SOD1-D90A in familial ALS has been reported to show slow disease progression. Here, we reported a rare case of a slowly progressive ALS patient harboring a novel SOD1 homozygous mutation D92G (homD92G). The neuronal cell line overexpressing SOD1-D92G showed a lower ratio of the insoluble/soluble fraction of SOD1 with fine aggregates of the misfolded SOD1 and lower cellular toxicity than those overexpressing SOD1-G93A, a mutation that generally causes rapid disease progression. Next, we analyzed spinal motor neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) of a healthy control subject and ALS patients carrying SOD1-homD92G or heterozygous SOD1-L144FVX mutation. Lower levels of misfolded SOD1 and cell loss were observed in the motor neurons differentiated from patient-derived iPSCs carrying SOD1-homD92G than in those carrying SOD1-L144FVX. Taken together, SOD1-homD92G has a lower propensity to aggregate and induce cellular toxicity than SOD1-G93A or SOD1-L144FVX, and these cellular phenotypes could be associated with the clinical course of slowly progressive ALS

マナビ ノ ユニバーサル デザイン ノ ワクグミ オ エンヨウシタ ジュギョウ セッケイ ト ソノ コウカ

本研究は，学びのユニバーサルデザイン（UDL）の枠組みを援用して小学校の国語科と算数科の授業を設計し，その効果について検討した。予備調査の結果をふまえてまず設計の基本方針（①学習活動や学習内容及び進捗状況の可視化，②学習活動の効率化と子どもの認知的負担の軽減，③自己選択・自己決定の場の設定）を定め，それらを授業における手だてとして具現化する際にUDL ガイドラインを用いた。設計した授業を実践した結果，単元目標の達成に一定の効果がみとめられた。また，手だての導入にあたって意図した効果の実現及び手だての有用性の実感について質問紙調査をおこなったところ，いずれも肯定的回答が大半を占めた。これらの結果に基づき，わが国の学校教育におけるUDL の適用について論じた。The purpose of this study was to design the teaching of Japanese and Mathematics in elementary school with incorporating the framework of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and to investigate the effectiveness of the design. The three basic principles for designing - 1) the visualization of procedures and progress of learning, 2) the efficient learning activity and the mitigation of learners\u27 cognitive load, and 3) setting the opportunities for self-choice or self-decision - were established from the results of preliminary surveys. These principles were embodied in teaching strategies of classes through UDL Guidelines. The results indicated that the designed teaching had some effectiveness for the achievement of learning goal and many learners recognized each strategy used in classes to be available. On the basis of these results, the application of UDL approach to school education in Japan was discussed

ショクジ セッシュ キジュン 2010ネンバン ニ ヨル カンリ エイヨウシ ヨウセイ カテイ ノ ジョシ ガクセイ ノ エイヨウ シンタイ カツドウ ヒョウカ

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of women university students in the third-grade of a registered dietitian training course, based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese(2010). We initially selected 46 students, and obtained valid responses from 41 students(89.1%). We performed body measurements, blood tests, a dietary weighing method for 3 days, and the measurement of physical activity by the accelerometer. In regard to the physique and blood test of the subjects, 24.4% were underweight, 4.9% were obese and 20.0% were anemic. The dietary weighing method showed that the rate of women who took vitamin C below the estimated average requirement was 90.0%, that of folic acid, iron and calcium were 41.0%, 83.0%, and 68.0% respectively. While the rate of salt intake greater than the dietary goal (7.5g/day)was 36.5%, the rate of fat energy ratio greater than the dietary goal(30%)was 31.7%. The average number of steps per day was 8,907 ± 2,293. These results showed that there was an overall insufficient intake of total energy, vitamins, and minerals, indicating that further nutritional management for the women students is required

The potential use of ultraviolet-absorbing compounds for reconstructing past climate in Antarctic mosses

Mosses which are the dominant plants in Antarctica, have to tolerate harsh environments such as cold temperatures, freezing and desiccation. In addition, ozone depletion has led to increased ultra violet (UV) radiation level at the surface in Antarctica. Previous research reported that UV screening pigments called ultraviolet absorbing compounds (UVACs) accumulated in mosses when UV radiation was enhanced. Therefore, UVAC concentration change throughout Antarctic moss shoots might describe past changes in ozone concentration, thus UV radiation, and possibly other climates over Antarctica, for which direct data is not available. This study aimed to determine whether UVAC concentration in various Antarctic mosses changes over time and in response to past environmental factors such as ozone area/depth and water availability. In addition, this study investigated whether UVACs in Antarctic mosses can be used as biological proxies to reconstruct changes in past Antarctic climate

Structure determination of uniformly C-13, N-15 labeled protein using qualitative distance restraints from MAS solid-state C-13-NMR observed paramagnetic relaxation enhancement

Magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful method for structure determination of insoluble biomolecules. However, structure determination by MAS solid-state NMR remains challenging because it is difficult to obtain a sufficient amount of distance restraints owing to spectral complexity. Collection of distance restraints from paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) is a promising approach to alleviate this barrier. However, the precision of distance restraints provided by PRE is limited in solid-state NMR because of incomplete averaged interactions and intermolecular PREs. In this report, the backbone structure of the B1 domain of streptococcal protein G (GB1) has been successfully determined by combining the CS-Rosetta protocol and qualitative PRE restraints. The derived structure has a C alpha RMSD of 1.49 angstrom relative to the X-ray structure. It is noteworthy that our protocol can determine the correct structure from only three cysteine-EDTA-Mn2+ mutants because this number of PRE sites is insufficient when using a conventional structure calculation method based on restrained molecular dynamics and simulated annealing. This study shows that qualitative PRE restraints can be employed effectively for protein structure determination from a limited conformational sampling space using a protein fragment library

Structure of the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll c assembly in chlorosomes from Chlorobium limicola determined by solid-state NMR

We have determined the atomic structure of the bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl c) assembly in a huge light-harvesting organelle, the chlorosome of green photosynthetic bacteria, by solid-state NMR. Previous electron microscopic and spectroscopic studies indicated that chlorosomes have a cylindrical architecture with a diameter of ≈10 nm consisting of layered BChl molecules. Assembly structures in huge noncrystalline chlorosomes have been proposed based mainly on structure-dependent chemical shifts and a few distances acquired by solid-state NMR, but those studies did not provide a definite structure. Our approach is based on (13)C dipolar spin-diffusion solid-state NMR of uniformly (13)C-labeled chlorosomes under magic-angle spinning. Approximately 90 intermolecular C [Image: see text] C distances were obtained by simultaneous assignment of distance correlations and structure optimization preceded by polarization-transfer matrix analysis. It was determined from the ≈90 intermolecular distances that BChl c molecules form piggyback-dimer-based parallel layers. This finding rules out the well known monomer-based structures. A molecular model of the cylinder in the chlorosome was built by using this structure. It provided insights into the mechanisms of efficient light harvesting and excitation transfer to the reaction centers. This work constitutes an important advance in the structure determination of huge intact systems that cannot be crystallized