Discipline and Defence: The Military Influence on Policing and Imprisonment, c.1870-1913

Discipline and Defence follows the influence of military discipline, tactics and personnel through New Zealand's police and prisons from the end of the New Zealand Wars until the eve of the Great War. At the beginning of this era, constables and prison guards were recruited almost entirely from the ranks of soldiers, and were used to "settle" Maori resistance to the growing Pakeha state by constructing infrastructure as well as wielding coercive force. As colonial society became increasingly settled by the 1890s, criticism of soldiers' drunken indiscipline coincided with an increasing separation between the police and military, although prisons remained under a military hand. However, the popularity of the Anglo-Boer War recreated the soldier as the epitome of virtuous manhood, and administrators once more sought former soldiers to fill the ranks of the police and prison service. Rising industrial strikes and labour's opposition to such popular militarism by 1913 brought an open conflict between these partially re-militarised institutions and strikers. Throughout the entire period, arguments over the correct form of discipline for New Zealand's men intersected with practical necessities to influence the ongoing role of the military in domestic policing and punishment

Studies of fluidic systems for environmental applications

A Hydrodynamic Vortex Separator (HDVS) is a form of Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) used for solid-liquid separation. HDVSs are also used at sewage treatment works for the separation of grits that are transported through the sewer network. The residence time of the fluid that passes through these devices is increased by the rotational nature of the flow and hence, the time that gravity has to act on particulates is also increased. This feature of the fluid dynamics means that a HDVS may also be used as a contact vessel for disinfection of wastewater during a CSO event. To date the physics of these systems is not completely understood in terms of particulate separation. To achieve a greater understanding of the HDVS an initial sensitivity study using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was carried out looking at factors that may influence the efficiency and to gain an insight into variables that should be accounted for during experimentation and test rig design. Following this sensitivity study a 0.75m diameter HDVS was studied under laboratory conditions where it was found that a parameter described as the particle surface load controls the efficiency of the HDVS and not the particle settling velocity as previously thought. A model was developed to describe the retention efficiency and was also applied to scaling. However, more work is required to achieve a greater understanding of the application of the retention efficiency model to larger separators. Experimental trials on a 3.4m diameter HDVS were undertaken and from this it was found that the most suitable residence time distribution model for a HDVS is the axial dispersion model. Attempts to use CFD to model the separation efficiency of such systems have to date failed. However, validations of the residence time characteristics are reasonable. This has allowed CFD to be used to study the application of residence time to disinfection where it has been shown that an existing disinfection model may be developed to describe the disinfection performance of a HDVS. Scaling laws have also been developed using CFD for the residence time and CFD has consequently given an insight into the fluid dynamics within the HDVS.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Studies of fluidic systems for environmental applications

A Hydrodynamic Vortex Separator (HDVS) is a form of Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) used for solid-liquid separation. HDVSs are also used at sewage treatment works for the separation of grits that are transported through the sewer network. The residence time of the fluid that passes through these devices is increased by the rotational nature of the flow and hence, the time that gravity has to act on particulates is also increased. This feature of the fluid dynamics means that a HDVS may also be used as a contact vessel for disinfection of wastewater during a CSO event. To date the physics of these systems is not completely understood in terms of particulate separation. To achieve a greater understanding of the HDVS an initial sensitivity study using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was carried out looking at factors that may influence the efficiency and to gain an insight into variables that should be accounted for during experimentation and test rig design. Following this sensitivity study a 0.75m diameter HDVS was studied under laboratory conditions where it was found that a parameter described as the particle surface load controls the efficiency of the HDVS and not the particle settling velocity as previously thought. A model was developed to describe the retention efficiency and was also applied to scaling. However, more work is required to achieve a greater understanding of the application of the retention efficiency model to larger separators. Experimental trials on a 3.4m diameter HDVS were undertaken and from this it was found that the most suitable residence time distribution model for a HDVS is the axial dispersion model. Attempts to use CFD to model the separation efficiency of such systems have to date failed. However, validations of the residence time characteristics are reasonable. This has allowed CFD to be used to study the application of residence time to disinfection where it has been shown that an existing disinfection model may be developed to describe the disinfection performance of a HDVS. Scaling laws have also been developed using CFD for the residence time and CFD has consequently given an insight into the fluid dynamics within the HDVS

Development of flocculation models for improving water treatment

In water treatment the flocculation of particles into larger aggregates or ‘flocs’ allows impurities or solid material to be removed more easily by sedimentation. One example is where soluble phosphorus is removed by dosing with ferric sulphate to form a precipitate containing the phosphorus. Dosing usually requires rapid mixing of the ferric sulphate followed by gentle mixing to encourage flocculation. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows multiphase systems to be modelled and the effect of design changes to be studied in order to optimise water treatment. The development of a framework for modelling flocculation provides the possibility to optimise water treatment processes involving the flocculation of particulates. The paper describes in greater detail the physical models and verification and validation cases undertaken in order to develop the framework and a case study in which CFD was used to optimise the mixing performance of a flocculation tank

An assessment of axial loading on a five-turbine array

A structure that supports five turbines with a power coefficient of 0·40 (efficiency of 68%) has been studied using computational fluid dynamics to assess the power extracted and the flow field in a 3 m/s (6 knot) tidal flow. Peak axial sliding forces were assessed to determine anchorage requirements. While it is recognised that the turbines will most likely be positioned in relatively deep water in areas of steep tidal velocity gradients, this study considers the worst-case scenario for the axial sliding forces – that is, a uniform 3 m/s tidal velocity profile. The analysis shows that the fluid velocity increases around the structure, which could possibly be used advantageously in the placing of multiple turbine arrays. There is minimal interference between the wakes of the individual turbines, but there is interference between the wakes of some turbines and the bracing that forms part of the structure. The axial sliding force was found to be highest when the frame apex is head into the flow, and it is estimated that the coefficient of friction between the seabed and the array frame must be lower than 0·43 for sliding to occur with no additional ballast or anchorage