A Quantitative Study of the Effect of Cutting & Fibrillation on Certain Paper Properties

Introduction From the time of the invention of paper about the year 105 by Ts\u27ai Lun, the process of beating the pulp as a preliminary to forming a sheet of paper has been recognized as of prime importance. Early papermakers did not concern themselves greatly with theories; it was enough to know the process necessary to produce the various combinations of long and short, slow and free stocks according to the paper being made. When chemists began to enter the mills, however, their attention was naturally drawn to this important aspect of beating, and to the relationship between cellulose and water in the beating cycle. This relationship is of such fundamental importance in the practice of papermaking that it has been subject to a myriad of published unanimity amongst the so-called experts concerning this complex cellulose-water relationship in beating. In order to explain the various known effects of beating, there seem to be two distinctly different schools of thought to consider; those supporting the chemical aspects of beating, and those advocating the physical colloidal aspects of the beating action

Illustrated key to the genera of free-living marine nematodes of the Order Enoplida

A pictorial key to US genera of free-living marine nematodes in the order Enoplida is presented. Specific morphological and anatomical features are iUustrated to facilitate use of the key. The purpose of this work is to provide a single key to the genera of enoplid nematodes to facilitate identification of these organisms by nematologists and marine biologists working with meiofauna. (PDF file contains 32 pages.

Would global patent protection be too weak without international coordination?

I extend the Grossman and Lai (2004) model to answer the question, "Would global patent protection be too weak without international coordination?" by introducing firmbiased government preferences and trade barriers in the model. I make use of the estimates of the firm-bias parameter from the political economy literature to proxy for the degree of governments' firm-bias. Then I calculate the range of trade barriers that is sufficient to give rise to under-protection of patents in the global system without international policy coordination in IPR protection. I make the judgement that the true trade barrier between countries very likely falls within this range of under-protection. Therefore, I conclude that there was probably under-protection of patents without international policy coordination in IPR protection. It means that the free-rider problem with a large number of independent players overrides the effects of firm-bias and trade barriers, giving rise to too low a rate of innovation in the world. Allowing for the possibility that countries discriminate against foreign firms in Nash equilibrium does not change this conclusion. The problem can possibly be corrected by international coordination in intellectual property rights (IPR) protection.Intellectual property rights, TRIPS, Innovation

The most-favored nation rule in club enlargement negotiation

We study the effects of the Most-Favored Nation rule in an applicant's negotiation to join a club. When the applicant has to carry out a series of bilateral bargains with the existing members, we find that there are two effects of the MFN rule, viz. the hardened bargainer effect and the free-rider effect. The former effect tends to favor the applicant, while the latter effect tends to hurt the applicant. We find that the free-rider effect is stronger the more asymmetric are the members. The hardened bargainer effect is stronger the larger is the "size of the pie." As the number of members increase, it is more likely that the hardened bargainer effect would dominate.International trade ; Industrial organization (Economic theory) ; World Trade Organization

Study of an Automatic System for Control of the Terminal Phase of Satellite Rendezvous

An analytical and simulation study has been conducted of an automatic system for control of the terminal phase of rendezvous between two space vehicles. The basic system employs switching and thrust orientation criteria based upon relative-motion parameters first to establish a collision course and then to reduce the range and range rate to zero, simultaneously. In addition, a technique has been devised by which the system effects control based upon the total amount of fuel available for this phase of the space mission. The onboard equipment assumed for the intercepting vehicle includes a special-purpose computer, an attitude-control system, a single main rocket engine with, multi-start capabilities, and sensors capable of measuring range, line-of sight angles, and the time derivatives of these quantities. Techniques are developed. for employing control with either modulated thrust or on-off thrust at a constant level. The results of an analog simulation study of the automatic control system in which a six-degree-of freedom vehicle is assumed are presented for various initial conditions at the beginning of the terminal phase. The results of the study indicate that the automatic system can effectively control the terminal phase of rendezvous over a wide range of initial conditions and control-system requirements and, in addition, can utilize the available fuel in a very efficient manner

Free-molecule-flow force and moment coefficients of the aeroassist flight experiment vehicle

Calculated results for the aerodynamic coefficients over the range of + or - 90 deg in both pitch and yaw attitude angles for the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) vehicle in free molecule flow are presented. The AFE body is described by a large number of small flat plate surface elements whose orientations are established in a wind axes coordinate system through the pitch and yaw attitude angles. Lift force, drag force, and three components of aerodynamic moment about a specified point are computed for each element. The elemental forces and moments are integrated over the entire body, and total force and moment coefficients are computed. The coefficients are calculated for the two limiting gas-surface molecular collision conditions, namely, specular and diffuse, which assume zero and full thermal accommodation of the incoming gas molecules with the surface, respectively. The individual contribution of the shear stress and pressure terms are calculated and also presented