GECM-10-types and the respective PFGE-types, β-lactamase genotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles for the ESBL-<i>E.coli</i> isolates analysed.

<p>^a One isolate from each group was selected for ß-lactamase gene sequencing. If a particular group included isolates from multiple sources, the ß-lactamase genes of one isolate from each source was included; in total, the ß-lactamase genes of 23 isolates were sequenced.</p><p>^b Phenotypic resistance to tobramycin (TOB), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol and/or thrimethoprim (TMP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). All isolates were resistant to third generation cefalosporins; all isolates were susceptible to meropenem.</p

Dendrogram of PFGE profiles correlated with GECM-10 profiles of ESBL-<i>E. coli</i> isolates.

<p>The relationships between ESBL-<i>E. coli</i>, isolated from infant patients during a hospital outbreak and subsequent follow-up period, with the determined PFGE clusters and corresponding GECM-10 types and O25b-ST131 strain detection. Infant patients recognized to be part of the outbreak are indicated in bold type. The PFGE clusters A and B include isolates responsible for the outbreak and are indicated with light grey shading. The sources of isolates are: U = urine; B = blood; F = faeces; W = wound; and N = nasopharynx. The bold type indicates infectious isolates from clinical samples; the remaining isolates are from screening samples. Isolates from each PFGE group were selected for MLST analysis.</p

Mergers and acquisitions as a way to bank restructuring

Теоретичні основи та проблеми процесів злиття та поглинання банків розглянуто в наукових працях багатьох сучасних дослідників. Так, окремі теоретичні та практичні аспекти досліджували вітчизняні науковці О. О. Чуб, З. М. Васильченко, М. І. Диба, В. І. Міщенко, А. В. Шаповалов. Проте, незважаючи на велику кількість наукових розробок з даної проблематики, внаслідок світової фінансової кризи 2007–2009 років, процеси злиття та поглинання потребують подальшого дослідження. Насамперед це стосується питань, пов’язаних із дослідженням сутності й особливостей проведення структурної реорганізації банків у вітчизняних умовах

Strain-Level Typing and Identification of Bacteria Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics

Because of the alarming expansion in the diversity and occurrence of bacteria displaying virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents, it is increasingly important to be able to detect these microorganisms and to differentiate and identify closely related species, as well as different strains of a given species. In this study, a mass spectrometry proteomics approach is applied, exploiting lipid-based protein immobilization (LPI), wherein intact bacterial cells are bound, via membrane-gold interactions, within a FlowCell. The bound cells are subjected to enzymatic digestion for the generation of peptides, which are subsequently identified, using LC–MS. Following database matching, strain-specific peptides are used for subspecies-level discrimination. The method is shown to enable a reliable typing and identification of closely related strains of the same bacterial species, herein illustrated for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>

Strain-Level Typing and Identification of Bacteria Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics

Because of the alarming expansion in the diversity and occurrence of bacteria displaying virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents, it is increasingly important to be able to detect these microorganisms and to differentiate and identify closely related species, as well as different strains of a given species. In this study, a mass spectrometry proteomics approach is applied, exploiting lipid-based protein immobilization (LPI), wherein intact bacterial cells are bound, via membrane-gold interactions, within a FlowCell. The bound cells are subjected to enzymatic digestion for the generation of peptides, which are subsequently identified, using LC–MS. Following database matching, strain-specific peptides are used for subspecies-level discrimination. The method is shown to enable a reliable typing and identification of closely related strains of the same bacterial species, herein illustrated for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>

A Treatment Plant Receiving Waste Water from Multiple Bulk Drug Manufacturers Is a Reservoir for Highly Multi-Drug Resistant Integron-Bearing Bacteria

<div><p>The arenas and detailed mechanisms for transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between environmental bacteria and pathogens are largely unclear. Selection pressures from antibiotics in situations where environmental bacteria and human pathogens meet are expected to increase the risks for such gene transfer events. We hypothesize that waste-water treatment plants (WWTPs) serving antibiotic manufacturing industries may provide such spawning grounds, given the high bacterial densities present there together with exceptionally strong and persistent selection pressures from the antibiotic-contaminated waste. Previous analyses of effluent from an Indian industrial WWTP that processes waste from bulk drug production revealed the presence of a range of drugs, including broad spectrum antibiotics at extremely high concentrations (mg/L range). In this study, we have characterized the antibiotic resistance profiles of 93 bacterial strains sampled at different stages of the treatment process from the WWTP against 39 antibiotics belonging to 12 different classes. A large majority (86%) of the strains were resistant to 20 or more antibiotics. Although there were no classically-recognized human pathogens among the 93 isolated strains, opportunistic pathogens such as <i>Ochrobactrum intermedium, Providencia rettgeri,</i> vancomycin resistant <i>Enterococci</i> (VRE), <i>Aerococcus sp</i>. and <i>Citrobacter freundii</i> were found to be highly resistant. One of the <i>O. intermedium</i> strains (ER1) was resistant to 36 antibiotics, while <i>P. rettgeri</i> (OSR3) was resistant to 35 antibiotics. Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 74/93 (80%) strains each, and 88/93 (95%) strains harbored at least one type of integron. The qPCR analysis of community DNA also showed an unprecedented high prevalence of integrons, suggesting that the bacteria living under such high selective pressure have an appreciable potential for genetic exchange of resistance genes via mobile gene cassettes. The present study provides insight into the mechanisms behind and the extent of multi-drug resistance among bacteria living under an extreme antibiotic selection pressure.</p></div

Multi-drug resistance observed among 93 bacterial strains isolated from the PETL WWTP.

<p>The X-axis indicates the number of antibiotics (of 39 tested) to which the strains are resistant; the Y-axis indicates the percentage of resistant strains of 93 strains. The resistant and intermediately-resistant phenotypes are grouped together and denoted as resistant.</p

PCR-primers used in the present study.

<p>PCR-primers used in the present study.</p

Distribution of resistance among the strains from PETL WWTP against different antibiotics.

<p>Distribution of resistance among the strains from PETL WWTP against different antibiotics.</p

Identity and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the bacterial strains isolated from the PETL WWTP against 39 antibiotics.

<p>Source of strains: Strains ER1 to ER-5 and ET-1 to ET-7 were isolated from the equilibratior tank; A1R-2 to A1R-10 and A1T2 to A1T8 were isolated from aeration tank No. 1; A2R4 to A2R-8 and A2T-3 to A2T-8 were isolated from aeration tank No. 2; SR-1 to SR-14 and ST-1 to ST-8 were isolated from the settling tank; SSR-1 to SSR-6 and SST-1 to SST-8 were isolated from secondary sludge; DSR-1 to DSR-6 and DST-1 to DST-8 were isolated from dewatered sludge; OSR-1 to OSR-4 and OST-1 to OST-14 were isolated from old dried sludge.</p