Blue Crab target setting: final report

We have developed a hierarchy of target levels, designated to address sustainability, efficiency, and recovery scenarios. Targets were derived from: 1) reported catches and effort in the commercial fishery, 2) statistics from fishery-independent surveys, and 3) knowledge of the biology of blue crab. Targets that are recommended include population sizes, catches, and effort levels, as well as reference fishing mortality rates. They are intended to be conservative and risk-averse. (PDF contains 182 pages

Vertical Conflicts: The Role of State Law in Suits under Section 301

One of the most difficult practical problems posed by our federal system arises when the judicial institutions of one law-making authority are enlisted to enforce and protect rights created by another. While the United States Supreme Court through its appellate jurisdiction is the institution charged with the final responsibility for overseeing a satisfactory solution to this problem, and while the Court can indicate how competing interests are to be harmonized in specific controversies and provide some principles which may be useful in different contexts, it cannot review every state 301 suit. In the long run, success depends upon the earnest labors of state courts to identify the policies which are in conflict and bring their energies to bear in an effort to achieve a true resolution of the competing interests. For the most part, the Court has delineated the policy values under 301 law, and what remains is the application of these policies to specific issues which arise during the course of litigation. It is the purpose of this note to engage in the type of analytical processes state courts must undertake and to reach some conclusions concerning the role of state law in suits brought under section 301

Почему необходимо принимать во внимание вагинальное введение лекарственных средств

ВЛАГАЛИЩЕЛЕКАРСТВА, ПУТИ ВВЕДЕНИ

The equation of state of molybdenum at 1400 °C

Shock compression data to 96 GPa for pure molybdenum, initially heated to 1400 °C, are presented. Finite strain analysis of the data gives a bulk modulus at 1400 °C, K_(0S), of 244 ± 2 GPa and its pressure derivative, K′_(0S), of 4. A fit of shock velocity to particle velocity gives the coefficients of U_S = c_0 + sU_P to be c_0 = 4.77 ± 0.06 km/s and s = 1.43 ± 0.05. From the zero‐pressure sound speed c_0, a bulk modulus of 232 ± 6 GPa is calculated which is consistent with extrapolation of ultrasonic elasticity measurements. The temperature derivative of the bulk modulus at zero pressure, ∂K_(0S)/∂T|_P, is approximately −0.012 GPa/K. A thermodynamic model is used to show that the thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter is proportional to the density and independent of temperature. The Mie–Grüneisen equation of state adequately describes the high‐temperature behavior of molybdenum under the present range of shock loading conditions

Charge Symmetry Breaking and QCD

Charge symmetry breaking (CSB) in the strong interaction occurs because of the difference between the masses of the up and down quarks. The use of effective field theories allows us to follow this influence of confined quarks in hadronic and nuclear systems. The progress in observing and understanding CSB is reviewed with particular attention to the recent successful observations of CSB in measurements involving the production of a single neutral pion and to the related theoretical progress.Comment: 41 pages, 10 figures, for Nov. 2006 edition Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Physic

Trends in Cancer Mortality in 15 Industrialized Countries, 1969-1986

Background: Assessing trends in cancer provides a means for gauging progress against the disease, estimating future demands for care and treatment, and suggesting clues about shifting causal factors that may account for the more recent changes. Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate trends in the major sites of cancer associated with high mortality rates in 15 industrialized countries. To highlight differences among regions, we grouped these countries into six geographic areas: United States, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, East Asia, Oceania, and Nordic countries. In addition, cancer mortality trends in these regions were compared with incidence patterns in the United States. Methods: Data provided by the World Health Organization were used to evaluate age-specific mortality trends from 1969 through 1986 for lung, breast, prostate, stomach, and colorectal cancers and for all other sites considered as a group. We also assembled and analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute for the same sites and age groups from 1973 through 1986. Results: Over the period 1969 through 1986, recorded cancer mortality in persons aged 45 years and older in the six regions studied has increased for lung, breast, and prostate cancers in most age groups, while the decline in stomach cancer mortality is substantial. The increase in lung cancer deaths in men aged 45-54 years has slowed greatly or reversed in all areas except Eastern Europe and East Asia. Trends for intestinal cancer vary by age and region. For all other sites considered as a group, increases have occurred for persons older than 64 years in most regions. In Eastern Europe, there are disturbingly high rates and rapid increases for several of the major forms of cancer in persons aged 45-54 years. In general, trends for cancer incidence in the United States parallel those for mortality. For intestinal cancer, however, incidence has increased while mortality has declined. Conclusions: The trends we report cannot be explained solely by changes in cigarette smoking or aging. Other causes of changes in cancer incidence and mortality need to be determined. Implications: The increasing and decreasing trends in mortality from and incidence of cancer that we found are important for health care planning and may also suggest opportunities for research in cancer prevention. [J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 313-320, 1992