QUILOMBOS PAULISTAS: A política pública de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER) em sua interface com as comunidades tradicionais frente ao projeto de lei estadual nº 529 de 2020

The remaining quilombo communities at the São Paulo State in Brazil are in serious risk of negative changes in the provision of official rural extension services with the advent of state Bill nº 529/2020. The objective of this research is to evaluate how the traditional remaining quilombo communities located at São Paulo State can be directly affected negatively by the law proposal. For this, a scientific methodology was adopted, which is summarized in the review bibliographic and descriptive and exploratory documentary. As a result, no fact or argument has been found that legitimizes Bill nº 529 of 2020 from the perspective of traditional communities and other beneficiaries of the São Paulo ATER public policy.Las comunidades de quilombos restantes en el estado de São Paulo corren un grave riesgo de cambios negativos en la prestación de servicios oficiales de extensión rural con la llegada del proyecto de ley 529/2020. El objetivo de esta investigación es buscar cómo las comunidades tradicionales de quilombo restantes ubicadas en el estado de São Paulo pueden ser perjudicadas directamente con la PL 529 de 2020. Para ello, se adoptó una metodología científica, que resume la revisión bibliográfica y documental. Carácter descriptivo y exploratorio. A consecuencia, no se ha encontrado ningún hecho o argumento que legitime el Proyecto de Ley n° 529 de 2020 desde la perspectiva de las comunidades tradicionales y otros beneficiarios de la política pública ATER de São Paulo.Les communautés quilombo restantes dans l'État de São Paulo sont sérieusement exposées à des changements négatifs dans la fourniture des services officiels de vulgarisation rurale avec l'avènement du projet de loi 529/2020. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail est de chercher comment les communautés traditionnelles quilombo restantes situées dans l'État de São Paulo peuvent être directement lésées par la PL 529 de 2020. À cette fin, une méthodologie scientifique a été adoptée, qui résume la revue bibliographique et documentaire descriptif et exploratoire. En conséquence, aucun fait ou argument n'a été trouvé pour légitimer le projet de loi n ° 529 de 2020 du point de vue des communautés traditionnelles et d'autres bénéficiaires de la politique publique ATER de São Paulo.As comunidades remanescentes de quilombo no Estado de São Paulo correm severo risco de alterações negativas na prestação de serviços de extensão rural oficial com o advento do Projeto de Lei (PL) nº 529/2020. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é buscar como as comunidades tradicionais remanescentes de quilombos localizadas no estado de São Paulo podem ser diretamente prejudicadas com o PL 529 de 2020. Para tanto, foi adotada metodologia de caráter científico, o qual se resume a revisão bibliográfica e documental de caráter descritivo e exploratório. Como resultado, nenhum fato ou argumento foi encontrado para legitimar o Projeto de Lei nº 529 de 2020 dentro da perspectiva das comunidades tradicionais e demais beneficiários da política pública de ATER paulista

Use of FTIR in the obtention of resins and peptides synthesis in solid phase

Despite the increase in peptide chain aggregation, which decreases the rate of coupling reactions, the synthesis and use of very highly substituted resins still remains as a controversial point in the SPPS, due to its clear economical advantages (lesser solvent consumption and higher amount of peptide per synthesis). In order to better investigate the synthesis and the use of very highly substituted resins, the FTIR, NMR and EPR were compared. By FTIR techniques it was possible to follow all the steps of resin synthesis and the factors affecting the aggregation of the chains inside the peptidil-BHAR and MBHAR.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Química Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia QuímicaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de BiofísicaUNIFESP, Depto. de BiofísicaSciEL

QUILOMBOS PAULISTAS: The public policy of technical assistance and rural extension (ATER) in its interface with traditional communities in the face of São Paulo State bill nº 529 of 2020

The remaining quilombo communities at the São Paulo State in Brazil are in serious risk of negative changes in the provision of official rural extension services with the advent of state Bill nº 529/2020. The objective of this research is to evaluate how the traditional remaining quilombo communities located at São Paulo State can be directly affected negatively by the law proposal. For this, a scientific methodology was adopted, which is summarized in the review bibliographic and descriptive and exploratory documentary. As a result, no fact or argument has been found that legitimizes Bill nº 529 of 2020 from the perspective of traditional communities and other beneficiaries of the São Paulo ATER public policy.Las comunidades de quilombos restantes en el estado de São Paulo corren un grave riesgo de cambios negativos en la prestación de servicios oficiales de extensión rural con la llegada del proyecto de ley 529/2020. El objetivo de esta investigación es buscar cómo las comunidades tradicionales de quilombo restantes ubicadas en el estado de São Paulo pueden ser perjudicadas directamente con la PL 529 de 2020. Para ello, se adoptó una metodología científica, que resume la revisión bibliográfica y documental. Carácter descriptivo y exploratorio. A consecuencia, no se ha encontrado ningún hecho o argumento que legitime el Proyecto de Ley n° 529 de 2020 desde la perspectiva de las comunidades tradicionales y otros beneficiarios de la política pública ATER de São Paulo.The remaining quilombo communities at the São Paulo State in Brazil are in serious risk of negative changes in the provision of official rural extension services with the advent of state Bill nº 529/2020. The objective of this research is to evaluate how the traditional remaining quilombo communities located at São Paulo State can be directly affected negatively by the law proposal. For this, a scientific methodology was adopted, which is summarized in the review bibliographic and descriptive and exploratory documentary. As a result, no fact or argument has been found that legitimizes Bill nº 529 of 2020 from the perspective of traditional communities and other beneficiaries of the São Paulo ATER public policy

Tamani grass-legume intercropping can improve productivity and composition of fodder destined to haylage or hay.

This research evaluated the biomass productivity and nutritional value of the haylage and hay from intercropping between Tamani grass and different legume species. For the productive characteristics of the different intercrops, we adopted a randomized block design, for evaluation of the combination of intercropping and conservation technic we used 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five intercrops and two types of conservation techniques). The treatments were Tamani grass as monoculture, and the intercrops of Tamani grass with crotalaria, soybean, cowpea, or pigeon pea. The conservation techniques were haylage (520 g/kg of DM) and hay (870 g/kg of DM). Plants were sown in alternate rows, with 45 cm of spacing between the rows. The parameters evaluated were grass and legume biomass production, canopy height, and haylage and hay chemical composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivDMD). There were no differences in the total biomass production between the intercrops and TA grass monoculture. The treatments intercropped with cowpea and soybean had the highest legume participation in the mixture, promoting an increase in crude protein and ivDMD content of haylage and hay. Haylage and hay had the same chemical composition, although haylage had higher ivDMD than hay. We concluded that intercropping Tamani grass with soybeans or cowpea maintained total biomass productivity and improved the nutritional value of haylage and ha

Uso de peptideos sintéticos no estudo da proteína diidrooratato desidrogenase humana (HsDHODH)

A diidroorotato desidrogenase é uma enzima que apresenta um papel central na biossíntese de pirimidinas e catalisa a oxidação do diidroorotato a orotato. A enzima atua durante a via “de novo” de síntese de pirimidinas e está presente em quase todos os organismos vivos. A diidroorotato desidrogenase humana (HsDHODH) pode representar um importante alvo para o tratamento de doenças hiperproliferativas e inflamatórias, já que sua inibição bloqueia a síntese de ácidos nucléicos, impedindo a sua proliferação. Esta enzima tem uma estrutura monomérica e está associada com a membrana interna das mitocôndrias pela sua extensão N-terminal. Assim, entender em detalhes como esta enzima interage com a membrana poderia elucidar um alvo seletivo para drogas antiproliferativas, antiparasíticas e imunossupressivas. Esta região está também envolvida com a catálise central da enzima, sequestrando moléculas de ubiquinona presentes na membrana, fundamentais para as reações de oxirredução feitas pela enzima. Deste modo, para um melhor entendimento destes aspectos, neste trabalho foram sintetizados, por meio da Síntese de Peptídeos em Fase Sólida (SPFS) o peptídeo Ac-GDERFYAEHLMPTLQGLLDPESAHRLAVRFTSLG-NH2, que corresponde ao microdomínio existente na porção N-terminal da HsDHODH, entre os resíduos 33 e 66. Três análogos marcados com o aminoácido paramagnético TOAC nas posições 0, 12 ou 20, além de dois análogos duplamente marcados também foram obtidos. Ambos os peptídeos com dupla marcação possuem uma cisteína ligada ao spin MTSSL na posição 35 (C-terminal) se diferenciando pela posição do segundo marcador: um contendo outra cisteína ligada ao MTSSL na posição 12 e o segundo possuindo o TOAC na posição 0 (ou N-terminal). Estes peptídeos foram estudados por técnicas...The dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that has a central role on the pyrimidine biosynthesis and catalyses the oxidation of dihydrorotate to orotate. The enzyme acts on de novo pyrimidines nucleotides pathway and it is present in almost all the live organisms. The human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (HsDHODH) can represent an important target for the treatment of hiperproliferative and inflammatory diseases, since its inhibition blocks the nucleic acid synthesis, which restrains the cell proliferation. This enzyme has a monomeric structure and it is associated into the inner mitochondrial membrane by the N-terminal extension. Thus, understanding in details how this enzyme interacts with the membrane could help to elucidate a selective target for antiproliferative, antineoplasic and immunosuppressive drugs. This region is also involved with the central enzyme catalysis, harboring quinones molecules that are in the membranes, which is essential for the oxidation-reduction reactions made by the HsDHODH. In this way, for a better evaluation of these aspects, in this work we synthesized through the Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) the peptide Ac-GDERFYAEHLMPTLQGLLDPESAHRLAVRFTSLG-NH2, which corresponds to the HsDHODH N-terminal microdomain, between the residues 33 to 66. Three analogues labeled with the paramagnetic amino acid TOAC in the positions 0, 12 or 20 and two doubly labeled analogues were also synthesized. Both doubly labeled peptides contain a MTSSL-attached cysteine residue bounded to the position 35 (C-terminus), differing by the position of the second spin label: one possessing a cysteine with MTSSL at position 12 and the other contains TOAC at position 0 (N-terminus). These peptides were studied by spectroscopy techniques in order to obtain information about... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

Síntese em fase sólida e estudos comformacionais de análogos contendo TOAC de um peptídeo de rã Hypsiboas albopunctatus

Nas últimas décadas, um grande número de peptídeos antimicrobianos tem sido isolado de várias espécies de seres vivos, fazendo parte da sua imunidade inata. Estes peptídeos possuem algumas características em comum: 1) apresentam carga positiva (grande ocorrência de aminoácidos básicos); 2) possuem um porcentual considerável de aminoácidos hidrofóbicos e 3) apresentam grande tendência de adotarem estruturas secundárias anfipáticas. Devido à sua propriedade de permeabilizar e destruir membranas bacterianas, levando-as à morte, estes peptídeos são um foco de interesse no desenvolvimento de novos antibióticos. Um modo de estudo destas moléculas é por meio da adição de marcadores na seqüência peptídica, permitindo relacionar as propriedades conformacionais com a atividade biológica envolvida. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e avaliar 3 análogos de um novo peptídeo antimicrobiano extraído da pele da rã Hypsiboas albopunctatus de seqüência GWLDVAKKIGKAAFNVAKNF( I/L), denominado de hilina C (hyC), a fim de obter informações a respeito do seu mecanismo de ação e estruturação frente a miméticos de membrana. Os análogos possuem o composto paramagnético ácido 2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina-N-oxil-4- amino-4-carboxílico (TOAC) substituindo os aminoácidos alanina na posição 13 e triptofano na posição 2, ou adicionado na extremidade N-terminal do peptídeo. Os peptídeos foram sintetizados por Síntese Peptídica em Fase Sólida (SPFS) utilizando a estratégia química Fmoc. As propriedades conformacionais dos peptídeos e as suas dinâmicas foram investigadas por dicroísmo circular (CD) e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE) em água, trifluoretanol (agente indutor de estrutura secundária), micelas zwitteriônicas (lisofosfatidilcolina - LPC) e em dois tipos de lipossomas de composições lipídicas diferentes:...In recent decades, a large number of antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from several species of microorganisms as part of their innate immunity. These peptides have some particular features: 1) positive charges (high occurrence of basic amino acids), 2) a considerable percentage of hydrophobic amino acids and 3) greater tendency to adopt amphipatic secondary structures. Due to the property of permeabilizing and destroying bacterial membranes, causing cell death, these peptides are interesting regarding the development of new antibiotics. To study these molecules, markers were added in the peptide sequence, allowing conformational properties to relate with the biological activity involved. Thus, this work aimed to synthesize and evaluate 3 analogues of a new antimicrobial peptide extracted from the skin secretion of the frog Hypsiboas albopunctatus, whose sequence is GWLDVAKKIGKAAFNVAKNFI/L, called Hilina C (hyC) in order to obtain information of the mechanism of action and structure of this peptide, using membrane mimetics. The analogues have the compound paramagnetic amino acid 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid (TOAC) replacing the alanine at position 13 and triptofan in position 2, or added to the end of the Nterminal peptide. The peptides were synthesized by Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) using the Fmoc chemistry strategy. The conformational properties of peptides and their dynamics were investigated by electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and circular dichroism (CD) in water, trifluorethanol (TFE) (secondary structure inducer agent), zwitterionics micelles (lysophosphatidylcholine - LPC) and two types of liposomes in different lipid compositions: PE:PA:PC and SM:PA:PC. The biological activities were examined by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in bacteria (two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative) and the minimal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Conformational changes of the HsDHODH N-terminal microdomain via DEER spectroscopy

The human enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (HsDHODH) has been studied for being a target for development of new antineoplasic and antiproliferative drugs. The synthetic peptide N-t(DH) represents the N-terminal microdomain of this enzyme, responsible for anchoring it to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Also, it is known to harbor quinones that are essential for enzyme catalysis. Here we report structural features of the peptide/membrane interactions obtained by using CD and DEER spectroscopic techniques, both in micelles and in lipid vesicles. The data revealed different peptide conformational states in micelles and liposomes, which could suggest that this microdomain acts in specific regions or areas of the mitochondria, which can be related with the control of the quinone access to the HsDHODH active site. This is the first study to report on conformational changes of the HsDHODH N-terminal microdomain through a combination of CD and DEER spectroscopic techniques

Can the Antimicrobial Peptide Ctx(Ile²¹)-Ha-Ahx-Cys Grafted onto Nanochitosan Sensitize Extensively Drug-Resistant <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>?

The infectious agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has several defense and resistance mechanisms that must be eliminated. The treatment is prolonged, which in many cases generates susceptibility to microbial resistance. This research aimed to study whether the antimicrobial peptide Ctx(Ile21)-Ha-Ahx-Cys (Ctx-SH) functionalized in nanochitosan matrices could eliminate resistant MTB. For this, a nanosystem was developed with chitosan matrices previously modified with N-acetylcysteine functionalized to Ctx-SH. Modified chitosan nanoparticles (NPQ) were obtained by ionic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate and loaded with rifampicin. Both chitosan and NPQ modifications were analyzed for physicochemical parameters by Fourier/Raman transform infrared spectroscopy and Zeta potential. Antimicrobial activity was performed in a level 3 biosafety laboratory with strains H37Rv (standard) and CF169 (extensively drug-resistant, XDR) incubated in 7H9 broth supplemented with oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, and catalase at 37 °C and 5% CO2 and read using fluorescence with 0.01% resazurin after 7 days. Insertion and mapping of NPQ into macrophages were assessed using a confocal microscope after 24 h with NPQ conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Preliminary results show that the spectroscopies corroborate the hypothesis of the functionalization of the Ctx-SH peptide to the chitosan-N-acetylcysteine system because, when comparing the three spectroscopies, a gradual increase in the intensity of several bands and the formation of captive disulfide are observed, and the Zeta potential (+30 mV) confirmed high application stability. Bacterial inhibition studies revealed that rifampicin-loaded antimicrobial peptide-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles have better activity than rifampicin alone against CF169, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of N-acetylcysteine-chitosan compound is capable of enhancing the activity of obsolete drugs and/or sensitizing XDR bacteria