Latin America and the Caribbean region population projections : 1990-91

This paper provides population projections for each country, economy, or territory in one World Bank region, as well as for nonborrower countries in the same geographic area. The Latin American and the Caribbean region is demographically at an intermediate stage. Fertility has declined to between 3 and 4 children per woman in all subregions as contraceptive use has continued to broaden. Life expectancy has risen to between 65 and 69, or about 10 years below countries with the most favorable mortality conditions. Some countries in the region have advanced to replacement level fertility; a few others are just starting the fertility transition. The projections show all countries in the region completing the transition by 2030 - the earliest of all regions. In this 1990-91 edition, projects are provided in a new format to permit the inclusion of data on recent demographic trends. Projection methods have changed only marginally since the previous edition. Essentially, recent country-specific data about levels and trends in fertility, mortality, and international migration are applied to available age-sex distributions in order to obtain short-run projections. Long-run projections, up to 2150, are also made under the assumptions that fertility and mortality eventually become stable and net international migration declines to zero.Demographics,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,,Country Population Profiles

Africa region population projections : 1990-91

As recently as the mid-1970s, the Africa region had a smaller population than the Asia, the Latin American and the Caribbean, or the Europe, Middle East, and North Africa regions. Explosive population growth of more than 3 percent per year, projected to decline only gradually, will make Africa the second largest region by 2005. Its share of the world's population will increase from less than 10 percent now to 20 percent in the middle of the next century and to 25 percent when stationarity is finally reached. Vital rates vary relatively little among the subregions of sub-Saharan Africa. Fertility is uniformly high, with the total fertility rate higher than 6 children per woman. Linked with high fertility are high infant mortality rates, which are above 100 per thousand births for subregions. A few countries - Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Kenya - are leading the way in the African fertility transition. Recent fertility surveys in these countries show an increase in the use of contraceptives and the first evidence of fertility decline. It is assumed in the projections that this trend will spread to other countries. Most African governments now report their country's population growth rates as too high.Demographics,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,,Earth Sciences&GIS

Asia region population projections : 1989-90 edition

Of the 90 million people added to world population this year, half live in the Asia region. Asia's contribution to world population growth is proportional to its size and dwarfs the contribution of every other region. The scale of this contribution may be illustrated by the fact that India is adding to its population every year as many people as live in Australia. This paper studies population projections, covering almost two centuries from 1985 to 2150. The length of the projection period was chosen to allow populations to approach stability, which for several takes essentially the entire period. The paper begins with an introduction which explains what projection results are provided in the detailed tables, describes the projection methodology, and summarizes and interprets the main results.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,,Demographics

Europe, Middle East, and North Africa (EMN) region population projections : 1989-90 edition

The population of the region is growing at 2.4 percent a year, second only to the Africa region, and should double in size in about 30 years. Regional growth would appear even more rapid were growth not offset by slow and even negative growth in the Eastern and Southern European countries included in the region. The projections of fertility and mortality are modeled on recent trends worldwide,and therefore incorporate the effects of deliberate efforts to reduce vital rates in various countries. Although altering projected trends is possible, it would require at least as much demographic interventions as in the recent past. The projections in the report cover almost two centuries, from 1985 to 2150. The length of the projection period was chosen to allow populations to approach stability, which for several takes essentially the entire period. The report begins with an introduction which explains what projection results are provided in the detailed tables, describes the projection methodology, and summarizes and interprets the main results.Demographics,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,

Africa region population projections : 1989-90 edition

The majority of populations in the Sub Saharan Africa region are growing rapidly. In some countries, where the average woman continues to have seven or more births, growth is as rapid as 4 percent a year. The population of the region as a whole is likely to double in slightly more than two decades, and after that, the region will be contributing more to annual world population growth than the far larger Asia region. The projections in this paper cover almost two centuries, from 1985 to 2150. The length of the projection period was chosen to allow populations to approach stability, which for several takes essentially the entire period. The paper begins with an introduction which explains what projection results are provided in the detailed tables, describes the projection methodology, and summarizes and interprets the main results.Health Information&Communications Technologies,,Demographics,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Indicators

Asia region population projections : 1990-91 edition

Almost half the worlds population lives in Asia. This proportion is expected to decline to 40 percent by the end of the next century, mainly because of slowing growth in China. Other countries will continue to grow rapidly, and India, which adds more people every year than any other country, is project to surpass China in total population. Recent contraceptive prevalence surveys in several countries in the region show increasing proportions of couples using birth control. Fertility in these countries, mostly in Southeast Asia, has consequently declined rapidly. Population growth rates started to drop in many countries in the region in the past decade, but the momentum built in to the age structures of the populations will ensure continued population growth for many decades. Other countries in the region are lagging in fertility decline, and their populations will continue to grow at high rates. Infant and child mortality are the lowest in countries where fertility has declined.Earth Sciences&GIS,Demographics,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,

Locally Static, Globally Dynamic Session Types for Active Objects

Active object languages offer an attractive trade-off between low-level, preemptive concurrency and fully distributed actors: syntactically identifiable atomic code segments and asynchronous calls are the basis of cooperative concurrency, still permitting interleaving, but nevertheless being mechanically analyzable. The challenge is to reconcile local static analysis of atomic segments with the global scheduling constraints it depends on. Here, we propose an approximate, hybrid approach; At compile-time we perform a local static analysis: later, any run not complying to a global specification is excluded via runtime checks. That specification is expressed in a type-theoretic language inspired by session types. The approach reverses the usual (first global, then local) order of analysis and, thereby, supports analysis of open distributed systems