Efeito do processamento industrial e doméstico de alimentos nos níveis de resíduos de agrotóxicos

Pesticide residues in food pose a great risk to public health due to the harmful effects they can cause. Due to the use of pesticides in food production, as well as through environmental contamination, residues can be found in fresh, cooked and processed foodstuffs. Most food is consumed after industrial or household processing, such as washing, peeling, thermal treatments and sterilization. Several studies have shown that these procedures may, in some cases, reduce residue levels. The efficiency of residues removal depends on the processing involved and the physicochemical properties of pesticides, such as stability and interaction with food. This review aims to highlight the results of studies on the effects of various processes on the levels of pesticide residues in different food, especially the removal efficiency of the compounds. This information is useful to assess the possibility of minimizing the risk of consumer exposure to pesticide residues in foods, becoming an important tool for food safety.Resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos representam um grande risco para a saúde pública, devido aos efeitos nocivos que podem causar. Devido à utilização de agrotóxicos na produção de alimentos, bem como por meio de contaminação ambiental, os resíduos podem ser encontrados em alimentos frescos, cozidos e processados. A maioria dos alimentos é consumida após o processamento industrial ou doméstico, como a lavagem, remoção da casca, tratamentos térmicos ou esterilização. Vários estudos têm mostrado que estes processos podem, em alguns casos, reduzir os níveis de resíduos. A eficiência de remoção de resíduos depende do processamento envolvido e das propriedades físico-químicas dos agrotóxicos, tais como estabilidade e interação com o alimento. Esta revisão tem como objetivo destacar os resultados de estudos dos efeitos de diversos processos sobre os níveis de resíduos de agrotóxicos em diferentes alimentos, especialmente a eficiência de remoção dos compostos. Esta informação é útil para avaliar a possibilidade de minimizar o risco de exposição do consumidor aos resíduos de agrotóxicos nos alimentos, tornando-se uma importante ferramenta para a segurança alimentar

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of the fungicide chlorothalonil in tomatoes and cucumbers and its application to dissipation studies in experimental greenhouses

A new method to evaluate the levels of residue and the dissipation of chlorothalonil fungicide in tomatoes and cucumbers grown in experimental greenhouses was developed and validated. The vegetables were submitted to a single spraying with chlorothalonil at half, equal to and double of the recommended dose. Chlorothalonil residues were extracted in Ultra-Turrax system using ethyl acetate in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulphate and determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The analytical curves were linear from 0.005 to 5.0 mg L-1, with coefficient of determination higher then 0.995. The assays provide acceptable results with RSD values below 10.5% and recoveries were between 92.2 and 114.5% for tomatoes, and between 86.2 and 103.3% for cucumbers, both obtained from spiked samples at 0.028, 0.28, 2.8 and 5.0 mg kg-1 levels. Statistical interpretation of residue levels fitted to a first-order model for the dissipation behavior of chlorothalonil. The mean half-life after treatments at the recommended dose, in the two experimental years, was 8.8 days for tomatoes and 1.6 days for cucumbers. The higher decrease rate of chlorothalonil residues in cucumbers is mainly due to the higher growth rate of this vegetable relative to tomato. The developed method has proven to be efficient for the determination of chlorothalonil residues in tomatoes and cucumbers with a limit of quantification of 0.02 mg kg-1 level, permitting to evaluate the risk of consumer exposure to these residues

Environmental matrices effect in butyltin determinations by GC/MS

The present study evaluated the matrix effect associated to determination of butyltin compounds (tripropyltin (TPrT), tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT)) in sediment and mussel tissues using derivatization by Grignard reaction and quantification by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A non-negligible matrix effect was verified for sediments (54.2, 20.3, 13.6 and -53.6 %) and mussel tissues (-12.5, -32.0, 59.4 and 65.7 %) for TPrT, TBT, DBT and MBT respectively. However, this matrix effect was prevailed by preparing the analytical curves using standard addition techniques. Thus, an analytical method was optimized and validated for a more accurate and precise determination of butyltin compounds in sediment and mussel tissue samples

Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Triazine, Neonicotinoid, Triazole and Imidazolinone Pesticides in Mineral Water Samples

Mineral water is known for its high purity. Because mineral water is produced by the infiltration of water through the soil, there is the possibility of contamination with pesticides. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, rapid and efficient method for the extraction and preconcentration of different classes of pesticides in mineral water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. To optimize the DLLME conditions for the different classes of pesticides and access the effect of variables on the extraction, a central composite design (CCD) with a five-level fractional factorial design was used for the construction of a second order response surface model (RSM). The limits of quantification were between 0.005 and 0.5 μg L-1. Correlation coefficients (r) were higher than 0.999. Recoveries ranged from 102 to 120%, with relative standard deviations between 1 and 10%. Low matrix effect for all compounds was observed. The result showed that using a mixture of acetone and acetonitrile as disperser solvent and a mixture of chloroform and monochlorobenzene as extractor solvent, it is possible to employ the traditional DLLME with chlorinated solvents to extract the multiclass pesticides from the water samples

Efeito do processamento industrial e doméstico de alimentos nos níveis de resíduos de agrotóxicos / Effect of industrial and household food processing on pesticide residues levels

Resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos representam um grande risco para a saúde pública, devido aos efeitos nocivos que podem causar. Devido à utilização de agrotóxicos na produção de alimentos, bem como por meio de contaminação ambiental, os resíduos podem ser encontrados em alimentos frescos, cozidos e processados. A maioria dos alimentos é consumida após o processamento industrial ou doméstico, como a lavagem, remoção da casca, tratamentos térmicos ou esterilização. Vários estudos têm mostrado que estes processos podem, em alguns casos, reduzir os níveis de resíduos. A eficiência de remoção de resíduos depende do processamento envolvido e das propriedades físico-químicas dos agrotóxicos, tais como estabilidade e interação com o alimento. Esta revisão tem como objetivo destacar os resultados de estudos dos efeitos de diversos processos sobre os níveis de resíduos de agrotóxicos em diferentes alimentos, especialmente a eficiência de remoção dos compostos. Esta informação é útil para avaliar a possibilidade de minimizar o risco de exposição do consumidor aos resíduos de agrotóxicos nos alimentos, tornando-se uma importante ferramenta para a segurança alimentar. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pesticide residues in food pose a great risk to public health due to the harmful effects they can cause. Due to the use of pesticides in food production, as well as through environmental contamination, residues can be found in fresh, cooked and processed foodstuffs. Most food is consumed after industrial or household processing, such as washing, peeling, thermal treatments and sterilization. Several studies have shown that these procedures may, in some cases, reduce residue levels. The efficiency of residues removal depends on the processing involved and the physicochemical properties of pesticides, such as stability and interaction with food. This review aims to highlight the results of studies on the effects of various processes on the levels of pesticide residues in different food, especially the removal efficiency of the compounds. This information is useful to assess the possibility of minimizing the risk of consumer exposure to pesticide residues in foods, becoming an important tool for food safety

Multi-Residue Method for Determination of Thirty-Five Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Water Using Ionic Liquid-Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

<div><p>Ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) was used for the determination of different chemical classes of analytes for the first time. Limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 µg L-1, and the linearity ranged from the LOQ of each compound to 50 µg L-1. Recoveries ranged from 70 to 120% for the compounds, with relative standard deviations less than 18%. The proposed method demonstrates for the first time that sample preparation by IL-DLLME and determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can be used successfully for the simultaneous extraction of 19 kinds of pesticides and 16 PPCPs from water samples. In addition, to eliminate the environmental risk of waste solvent disposal, this technique uses a low-toxicity extraction solvent. Finally, the analytical method proposed was applied successfully in analysis in surface water samples.</p></div

Investigation of major and trace element distribution in the extraction–transesterification process of fatty acid methyl esters from microalgae Chlorella sp

This work reports, for the first time, the determination of major and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, U, V, and Zn) in the fractions of the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). These include fresh microalgae, residual biomass, lipid fraction, crude FAMEs, insoluble fraction and purified FAMEs from microalgae Chlorella sp. A microwave-assisted digestion procedure in closed vessels was applied for sample digestion and subsequent element determination by inductively coupled plasma-based techniques. The proposed method was suitable for the multielement determination in FAMEs and its fractions obtained from microalgae. The element concentration was compared with results found in the literature and a careful discussion about the use of residual biomass for different applications was performed