Reciprocal natural selection on host‐parasite phenotypes

Coevolution is evolution in one species in response to selection imposed by a second species, followed by evolution in the second species in response to reciprocal selection imposed by the first species. Although reciprocal selection is a prerequisite of coevolution, it has seldom been documented in natural populations. We examined the feasibility of reciprocal selection in a simple host‐parasite system consisting of feral pigeons (Columba livia) and their Ischnoceran feather lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta). We tested for a selective effect of parasites on hosts with experimentally altered defenses and for a selective effect of host defense on a component of parasite escape. Previous work indicates that pigeons control lice through efficient preening, while lice escape from preening using complex avoidance behavior. Our results show that feral pigeons with impaired preening, owing to slight bill deformities, have higher louse loads than pigeons with normal bills. We use a controlled experiment to show that high louse loads reduce the survival of pigeons, suggesting that lice select for efficient preening and against bill deformities. In a reciprocal experiment, we demonstrate that preening with a normal bill selects for small body size in lice, which may facilitate their escape from preening. The results of this study verify a crucial element of coevolutionary theory by identifying likely targets of reciprocal phenotypic selection between host and parasite

Ocular Pathology Relevant to Glaucoma in a Gja1(Jrt) Mouse Model of Human Oculodentodigital Dysplasia

PURPOSE. Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is a human disorder caused by mutations in the gap junction alpha 1 (GJA1) gene encoding the connexin43 (Cx43) gap junction protein. Causal links between GJA1 mutations and glaucoma are not understood. The purpose in this study was to examine the ocular phenotype for Gja1(Jrt/+) mice harboring a Cx43 G60S mutation. METHODS. In young Gja1(Jrt/+) mice, Cx43 abundance was assessed with a Western blot, and Cx43 localization was visualized using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by rebound tonometry, and eye anatomy was imaged using ocular coherence tomography (OCT). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained eye sections were examined for ocular histopathology related to the development of glaucoma. RESULTS. Decreased Cx43 protein levels were evident in whole eyes from Gja1(Jrt/+) mice compared with those of wild-type mice at postnatal day 1 (P = 0.005). Cx43 immunofluorescence in ciliary bodies of Gja1(Jrt/+) mice was diffuse and intracellular, unlike the gap junction plaques prevalent in wildtype mice. IOP in Gja1(Jrt/+) mice changed during postnatal development, with significantly lower IOP at 21 weeks of age in comparison to the IOP of wild-type eyes. Microphthalmia, enophthalmia, anterior angle closure, and reduced pupil diameter were observed in Gja1(Jrt/+) mice at all ages examined. Ocular histology showed prominent separations between the pigmented and nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of Gja1(Jrt/+) mice, split irides, and alterations in the number and distribution of nuclei in the retina. CONCLUSIONS. Detailed phenotyping of Gja1(Jrt/+) eyes offers a framework for elucidating human ODDD ocular disease mechanisms and evaluating new treatments designed to protect ocular synaptic network integrity

Cellulose conversion in dry grind ethanol plants

The expansion of the dry grind ethanol industry provides a unique opportunity to introduce cellulose conversion technology to existing grain to ethanol plants, while enhancing ethanol yields by up to 14%, and decreasing the volume while increasing protein content of distiller’s grains. The technologies required are cellulose pretreatment, enzyme hydrolysis, fermentation, and drying. Laboratory data combined with compositional analysis and process simulations are used to present a comparative analysis of a dry grind process to a process with pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulose in distiller’s grains. The additional processing steps are projected to give a 32% increase in net present value if process modifications are made to a 100 million gallon/year plant

Relation between progesterone receptor gene polymorphism, race, parity, and uterine leiomyoma occurrence

PURPOSE: to analyze race, parity and presence of the progesterone receptor polymorphism, named PROGINS, as factors related to uterine leiomyoma occurrence in Brazilian women. METHODS: we carried out a case-control study, composed of 122 patients with the diagnosis of uterine fibroid and 125 women without the disease. After recording the clinical data, we collected biological material for DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis in order to identify the presence of PROGINS polymorphism. Statistical analysis was performed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test or the chi2 test, depending on the studied variable. The risk for the occurrence of the disease was calculated by the logistic regression model, providing the odds ratio (OR). The adopted significance level was 5% (p<0.05) and the confidence interval was 95% (95% CI). RESULTS: we observed a higher prevalence of non-whitewomen - mulatto and black - (50 vs 22.4%) and nulliparas (23.8 vs 11.2%) in the cases, while the progesterone receptor genotype was more often PROGINS positive - heterozygous or mutant homozygous - among the controls (21.6 vs 10.7%). The OR indicated an elevated risk for leiomyoma related to the non-whiterace (OR=3.46; 95% CI: 2.0-6.0) and the nulliparity (OR=3.30; 95% CI: 1.9-5.6), with reduction in the presence of PROGINS-positive genotypes (OR=0.43; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: the non-whiterace and nulliparity were considered risk factors for the occurrence of uterine fibroid in the studied population, while PROGINS polymorphism showed to be a protective factor.OBJETIVOS: analisamos raça, paridade e presença do polimorfismo do gene do receptor de progesterona, denominado PROGINS, como fatores relacionados à ocorrência de leiomioma uterino em mulheres brasileiras. MÉTODOS: realizamos estudo caso-controle, no qual foram incluídas 122 pacientes com diagnóstico de leiomioma e 125 mulheres sem a doença. Após registro dos dados clínicos, coletamos material biológico para extração de DNA, reação em cadeia da polimerase e eletroforese em gel de agarose, a fim de identificar a presença do polimorfismo PROGINS. A análise estatística foi feita pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney ou pelo teste do chi2, a depender da variável estudada. O risco para ocorrência da doença foi calculado pelo modelo de regressão logística, com obtenção da odds ratio (OR) (razão de chances). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p<0,05) e o intervalo de confiança foi de 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: observamos maior prevalência de não-brancas- pardas e negras - (50 vs 22,4%) e de nulíparas (23,8 vs 11,2%) nos casos, ao passo que o genótipo do receptor de progesterona foi mais freqüentemente PROGINS positivo - heterozigoto ou homozigoto mutante - entre os controles (21,6 vs 10,7%). A razão de chances indicou elevação do risco para leiomioma relacionada à raça não branca(OR=3,46; IC 95%: 2,0-6,0) e à nuliparidade (OR=3,30; IC 95%: 1,9-5,6), com redução na presença de genótipos PROGINS positivo (OR=0,43; IC 95%: 0,2-0,9). CONCLUSÕES: a raça não brancae a nuliparidade foram consideradas fatores de risco para a ocorrência de leiomioma uterino em mulheres da população estudada, ao passo que o polimorfismo PROGINS demonstrou ser fator protetor.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ginecologia Setor de Leiomioma UterinoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ginecologia Laboratório de Ginecologia MolecularUNIFESP Departamento de GinecologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de Ginecologia Setor de Leiomioma UterinoUNIFESP, Depto. de Ginecologia Laboratório de Ginecologia MolecularUNIFESP, Depto. de GinecologiaSciEL

Adam Smith’s Green Thumb and Malthus’ Three Horsemen: Cautionary tales from classical political economy

This essay identifies a contradiction between the flourishing interest in the environmental economics of the classical period and a lack of critical parsing of the works of its leading representatives. Its focus is the work of Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus. It offers a critical analysis of their contribution to environmental thought and surveys the work of their contemporary devotees. It scrutinizes Smith's contribution to what Karl Polanyi termed the "economistic fallacy," as well as his defenses of class hierarchy, the "growth imperative" and consumerism. It subjects to critical appraisal Malthus's enthusiasm for private property and the market system, and his opposition to market regulation. While Malthus's principal attraction to ecological economists lies in his having allegedly broadened the scope of economics, and in his narrative of scarcity, this article shows that he, in fact, narrowed the scope of the discipline and conceptualized scarcity in a reified and pseudo-scientific way

The SEC\u27s Misguided Climate Disclosure Rule Proposal

The following article adapts and consolidates two comment letters submitted last spring by a group of twenty-two professors of finance and law on the SEC’s proposed climate change disclosure rules. The professors reiterate their recommendation that the SEC withdraw its proposal as legally misguided, while outlining some of the issues that the proposal will face when challenged in court

1971

Shop Talk by Frank Santos (page 1) You\u27ve Come a Long Way, Lawn-Mower Pusher by Alan B. Albin (2) In The Eyes of the Laymen by Eugene P. Elcik (2) The Importance of Water Management by Fred V. Grau (A-1) Automatic Irrigation Systems Integrated with Pumping Systems by Michael O. Mattwell (A-5) Installation of a Complete Water Source and Automatic System by Richard C. Blake (A-19) How the Soil Conservation Service Can Help in Golf Course Management by Christopher G. Mousitakis (A-22) Our Shrinking Environment by Haim B. Gunner (A-24) Pesticides\u27 Dilemma - Emotion vs. Science by Allen H. Morgan (A-28) Effects of Turf Grasses and Trees in Neutralizing Waste Water by William E. Sopper (A-34) Unsolved and New Problems Developing in Golf Course Management by Alexander M. Radko (A-44) Coming of the Conglomerate Director of Golf Courses by Edmund B. Ault (A-48) Aquatic Weed Control by John E. Gallagher (A-52) What Project Apollo Has Done for Golf and Golf Course Architecture by Mal Purdy (A-54) Maintenance of Grass Tennis Courts by Wayne Zoppo (A-59) Diseases of Ornametnals Growing in Turf Areas by R.E. Partyka (A-62) Control of Turf Insects by John C. Schread (A-65) Lime for Turf by Henry W. Indyk (A-68) How to Stop Guessing When You Buy Seed by Dale Kern (A-71) Broad Aspects of Turf Grass Culture Other Than Golf Courses by Geoffrey S. Cornish (A-79) Establishing and Maintaining Turf int he national Capitol Parks by Alton E. Rabbitt (A-81) Preventive Maintenance on Small One Cylinder Air Cooled Engine by F. W. Hazle (A-85) Top Fairway Mower Performance by James R. Maloney (A-95) Grinding Reel Type Mowers by Ray Christopherson (A-99

Status of Muon Collider Research and Development and Future Plans

The status of the research on muon colliders is discussed and plans are outlined for future theoretical and experimental studies. Besides continued work on the parameters of a 3-4 and 0.5 TeV center-of-mass (CoM) energy collider, many studies are now concentrating on a machine near 0.1 TeV (CoM) that could be a factory for the s-channel production of Higgs particles. We discuss the research on the various components in such muon colliders, starting from the proton accelerator needed to generate pions from a heavy-Z target and proceeding through the phase rotation and decay ($\pi \to \mu \nu_{\mu}$) channel, muon cooling, acceleration, storage in a collider ring and the collider detector. We also present theoretical and experimental R & D plans for the next several years that should lead to a better understanding of the design and feasibility issues for all of the components. This report is an update of the progress on the R & D since the Feasibility Study of Muon Colliders presented at the Snowmass'96 Workshop [R. B. Palmer, A. Sessler and A. Tollestrup, Proceedings of the 1996 DPF/DPB Summer Study on High-Energy Physics (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA, 1997)].Comment: 95 pages, 75 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Special Topics, Accelerators and Beam