Utilização de óleo de soja em rações para vacas leiteiras no período de transição: consumo, produção e composição do leite Use of soybean oil for dairy cows during transition period: Intake, milk yield and composition

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras sob suplementação com óleo de soja durante o período de transição. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas e gestantes, distribuídas aleatoriamente em duas rações: controle, com 2,5% de extrato etéreo (EE) na matéria seca (MS); e gordura, com adição de 3,0% de óleo de soja e 5,5% de EE na MS. Os valores médios de consumo de MS e nutrientes não diferiram no período pré e pós-parto nas vacas das dietas controle e com óleo de soja, exceto no maior consumo de EE, em decorrência da maior concentração desse nutriente na dieta com óleo. Em virtude da maior densidade energética da ração com óleo de soja, as vacas apresentaram maior consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais e energia líquida no pós-parto. Não foi observada alteração nas produções de leite e gordura, no entanto, observou-se redução do teor de gordura do leite nas vacas da ração com óleo de soja em relação àquelas da ração controle. As rações utilizadas não influenciaram o consumo, mas a dieta com óleo de soja aumentou a ingestão de energia líquida e melhorou o balanço de nutrientes no início da lactação. Foi observado aumento não-significativo (+ 2,53 kg/dia) na produção de leite das vacas da dieta com óleo de soja.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity of dairy cows supplemented with soybean oil during the transition period. Twenty multiparous and pregnant Holstein cows were randomly allocated to two diets: control (C), 2.5% ether extract (EE) in the dry matter (DM); and fat (G), with the addition of 3% soybean oil, and 5.5% EE in the dry matter. The average values for intake were not different in the pre- and post-partum for cows on the control and fat diets except for an increase in EE intake due to great concentration of this nutrient in the soybean oil diet. Due to the higher energy density of the fat diet, cows had higher intake of total digestible nutrients and net lactation energy during the post-partum. There was no alteration in milk and fat yield, but a reduction in the milk fat content was observed for cows fed fat diet compared with the control diet. The diets used had no influence on the intake, and the fat diet resulted in an increased net energy intake and improvement in the nutrient balance during the initial phase of lactation. A non-significant increase in milk yield (+ 2.53 kg/d) was observed when using the fat diet

Metabolic evaluation of dairy cows submitted to three different strategies to decrease the effects of negative energy balance in early postpartum

In early lactation dairy cattle suffer metabolic alterations caused by negative energy balance, which predisposes to fatty liver and ketosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic condition of high yielding dairy cows subjected to three treatments for preventing severe lipomobilization and ketosis in early lactation. Fifty four multiparous Holstein cows yielding >30 L/day were divided into four groups: control (CN= no treatment), glucose precursor (PG= propylene-glycol), hepatic protector (Mp= Mercepton®), and energy supplement with salts of linolenic and linoleic faty acids (Mg-E= Megalac-E®). Treatments were administrated randomly at moment of calving until 8 weeks postpartum. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 postpartum. Body condition score (BCS) was evaluated at the same periods and milk yield was recorded at 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of lactation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin, AST, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, total protein, urea and triglycerides were analyzed in blood samples. Cut-off points for subclinical ketosis were defined when BHBA >1.4 mmol/L and NEFA >0.7 mmol/L. General occurrence of subclinical ketosis was 24% during the period. An ascendant curve of cholesterol and glucose was observed from the 1st to the 8th week of lactation, while any tendency was observed with BHBA and NEFA, although differences among treatments were detected (p<0.05). BCS decreased from a mean of 3.85 at 1st week to 2.53 at 8th week of lactation (p=0.001). Milk yield was higher in the Mg-E group compared with the other treatment groups (p<0.05) Compared with the CN group, the treatments with Mp and PG did not show significant differences in blood biochemistry and milk yield. Cows receiving PG and Mg-E showed higher values of BHBA and NEFA (P<0.05), indicating accentuated lipomobilization. Supplementation with Mg-E also resulted in significant higher concentrations of cholesterol, BHBA, urea, AST and lower values of glycemia. This performance may be explained by the highest milk yield observed with this treatment. Treatments with PG and Mp did not improve milk yield, compared with control cows, but did not show metabolic evidence of ketosis, fat mobilization or fatty liver. These results suggest that treatment with Mg-E improves milk production but induces a higher negative energy balance leading to moderated lipomobilization and ketone bodies production, increasing the risk of fatty liver

Productive performance and milk protein fraction composition of dairy cows supplemented with sodium monensin Desempenho produtivo e composição da fração protéica do leite em vacas sob suplementação com monensina sódica

The objective of this work was to evaluate the levels of sodium monensin on lactating cows and their effects on productive performance and milk protein fraction composition. It was used 12 Holstein cows, distributed in four balanced 3 &#215; 3 Latin squares, and fed three diets: one control without monensin, and two diets with monensin at the levels of 24 or 48 mg/kg DM added to the concentrate. Milk production was daily measured throughout the entire experimental period. The samples used for analysis of milk composition were collected on two alternated days from the two daily milking. Non-protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and non-casein nitrogen contents were directly evaluated in the milk, and casein, whey protein and true protein contents were indirectly determined. The use of monensin in the rations reduced dry matter and nutrient intake, especially when diet with 48 mg/kg of dry matter was given. The ration with 24 mg/kg of DM increased milk production, with or without correction, and also fat and lactose yield, and it improved productive efficiency. The levels of monensin in the ratios did not influence contents of milk crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, non-casein nitrogen, true protein, casein, casein/true protein ratio, whey protein, and of all those fractions expressed as percentage of crude protein. The utilization of monensin in the ratio at the dose of 24 mg/kg of DM influences positively the productive performance of lactating cows, and it does not influence the composition of milk protein fractions.<br>Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de monensina sódica para vacas em lactação e seus efeitos no desempenho produtivo e na composição da fração protéica do leite. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, distribuídas em quatro quadrados latinos 3 &#215; 3 balanceados e alimentadas com três rações: uma controle sem monensina, e duas com monensima nos níveis de 24 mg/kg de matéria seca ou 48 mg/kg MS adicionada ao concentrado. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas em dois dias alternados e provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. Foram analisados no leite os teores de nitrogênio não-protéico, nitrogênio total e nitrogênio não-caseinoso e indiretamente os teores de caseína, proteína do soro e proteína verdadeira. A utilização de monensina nas rações ocasionou redução do consumo de MS e de nutrientes, especialmente quando fornecida a ração com 48 mg/kg de MS. A ração com 24 mg/kg de MS promoveu aumento da produção de leite, sem e com correção, e da produção de gordura e lactose e aumento da eficiência produtiva. Os níveis de monensina nas rações não influenciaram os teores de proteína bruta, nitrogênio não-protéico, nitrogênio não-caseinoso, proteína verdadeira, caseína, relação caseína/proteína verdadeira, proteína do soro do leite e de todas essas frações expressas em porcentagem da proteína bruta. A utilização de monensina na ração na dose de 24 mg/kg de MS influencia positivamente o desempenho produtivo de vacas em lactação e não afeta a composição das frações protéicas do leite