A geometrical analysis of the field equations in field theory

In this review paper we give a geometrical formulation of the field equations in the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms of classical field theories (of first order) in terms of multivector fields. This formulation enables us to discuss the existence and non-uniqueness of solutions, as well as their integrability.Comment: 14 pages. LaTeX file. This is a review paper based on previous works by the same author

State Density and Capabilities Approach: Conceptual, Methodological and Empirical Issues

The core of the paper analyses the State functionings in the process of providing basic social services (education, health, identity documents, etc.) in the provinces of Peru. The concept “Density of the State” is designed to elaborate an index (SDI) to quantify State´s territorial presence. Since such activity is not a one-sided affair, the paper analyses the elements involved in the complex interaction between State and society. A summary of the main statistical results at the provincial level is provided and also a contrast between the SDI and the HDI. The paper is a summary and conceptual extension of the UNDP-Peru Human Development Report 2010 where the authors participated as part of the consulting team that elaborated it.Human Development / State / Peru / State Density Index / Human Development Report / Capabilities / Functionings.

Multivector Field Formulation of Hamiltonian Field Theories: Equations and Symmetries

We state the intrinsic form of the Hamiltonian equations of first-order Classical Field theories in three equivalent geometrical ways: using multivector fields, jet fields and connections. Thus, these equations are given in a form similar to that in which the Hamiltonian equations of mechanics are usually given. Then, using multivector fields, we study several aspects of these equations, such as the existence and non-uniqueness of solutions, and the integrability problem. In particular, these problems are analyzed for the case of Hamiltonian systems defined in a submanifold of the multimomentum bundle. Furthermore, the existence of first integrals of these Hamiltonian equations is considered, and the relation between {\sl Cartan-Noether symmetries} and {\sl general symmetries} of the system is discussed. Noether's theorem is also stated in this context, both the ``classical'' version and its generalization to include higher-order Cartan-Noether symmetries. Finally, the equivalence between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms is also discussed.Comment: Some minor mistakes are corrected. Bibliography is updated. To be published in J. Phys. A: Mathematical and Genera

Drivers of adaptation to water scarcity:Extraction capping in field experiments

This research presents empirical evidence on what drives and inhibits cooperative behavior in groundwater management adaptive to climate change. Given vital character of water, its availability should not be only an explanatory variable in adaptation; but an issue subject to socio-physical explanations on how farmers adapt to declining water stocks. Instead of studying if farmers relying on groundwater adapt to status quo or projected climate conditions, a step forward is suggested in order to connect adaptation with sustainability. Water extraction caps compliance were used to test cooperation. Limits to aquifer withdrawals are operationalized via remaining time and quantities of water. Quantitative data were drawn from 668 experimental rounds, in framed field experiments implemented in dry regions in ten communities exposed to climate variability in Colombia. Empirical results suggest that socio-physical setting better explain the adoption of cooperative decisions. Intertemporal preferences on water allocations and physical variables have dissimilar marginal effects on cooperation. The deeper the water well is, the less the probabilities to cooperate in water conservation. Notwithstanding, the effect is dissimilar according to the remaining time for exhaustion of aquifer systems. Marginal effect is a step forward from using averages for water planning. If a groundwater management plan is put in place, the marginal characteristics of well-depths and residual time of aquifer existence, has implications for the successfulness of management strategies, which in turn have implications for long-term plans of water use efficiency as stated in Sustainable Development Goals.</p

Aquifers and climate:Incentives, information and institutions

Sustainable water provision for rural and urban territories, demands the understanding of institutions and incentives governing groundwater use under climate change. The extant institutional design in Colombia falls short to sustainably manage pervasive groundwater extraction and rule enforcement. This article is aimed at understanding the extant contractual delegation of groundwater extraction on farmers as the main water users across the country. This understanding is a relevant first step before undertaking the improvement of institutional arrangements to pursue real sustainability objectives of water use for agriculture. Despite pervasive free-riding water access, to a certain extent, extraction permits act like social contracts with implicit clauses determined by the law. In entitling extraction permits, principals unavoidably delegate on agents, although their interests tend to diverge. In this relationship, socio-physical information about groundwater status is certainly asymmetric, which is not problematic per se. Difficulties arise from widened gaps between groundwater management information portions managed by different actors. Besides, contract design should operate under the natural limits of aquifer systems, which are usually recognized after granting extraction permits. Notwithstanding crude caveats should be considered: incomplete delegation and hidden institutions exists, and if ignorance on informal and formal water volumes extracted continue, sustainable management of aquifers would not only be incomplete but an illusion. Real sustainable management of aquifer systems when deciding upon water extraction permits, should incorporate aquifer limits as an ex-ante condition and innovative incentives that trigger institutions towards capped aquifer extractions.</p

Plan de negocios para el desarrollo de un sistema automatizado de monitoreo de vuelo para empresas de transporte aéreo

ProAction System busca un financiamiento del 60% para desarrollar un sistema automatizado de monitoreo de vuelo que se implementará en las empresas de transporte aéreo; proyecto que rendirá en 3 años utilidades netas de $20.042,02. “AirSystem ver 5.0” será la nueva versión del sistema integrado para el control operacional aeronáutico desarrollado por la empresa ProAction System. Este sistema informático integrará como nuevo subsistema/módulo al monitoreo de vuelo en las operaciones aéreas; módulo que en la actualidad es requerido en las aerolíneas para el apoyo a la toma de decisiones. El sistema informático se desarrollará con herramientas de software Libre 1 de última tecnología basadas en la web, permitiendo su fácil acceso por medio de un navegador de internet; además, una inmediata actualización de las nuevas funcionales o requerimientos personalizados por parte de las aerolíneas

Symplectic Cuts and Projection Quantization

The recently proposed projection quantization, which is a method to quantize particular subspaces of systems with known quantum theory, is shown to yield a genuine quantization in several cases. This may be inferred from exact results established within symplectic cutting.Comment: 12 pages, v2: additional examples and a new reference to related wor

Implementación de un componente para el préstamo de material bibliográfico digital para la biblioteca virtual en el cib-ESPOL

En el presente artículo se resume cómo se ha elaborado un componente para la Biblioteca Virtual de la ESPOL, que busca facilitar la lectura, por medio de libros digitales, completos y de manera legal a través del préstamo de los mismo, de manera online, usando la tecnología de hoy en día, que se encuentra cada vez mas al alcance de todos, haciendo uso de la misma con mayor frecuencia gracias a su accesibilidad, rapidez e interactividad. El componente constará de dos módulos, el administrador en donde se administrará el material bibliográfico y el módulo usuario que permitirá a los estudiantes de la comunidad politécnica acceder mediante su usuario y contraseña para así poder realizar el préstamo del material que necesite. Para el desarrollo de este componente se han utilizado tecnologías modernas como Responsive Web Design Calibre, eCub y las tecnologías clásicas como MySQL, PHP, JavaScript, Jquery, entre otros