4,308 research outputs found
Quantum Analogy of Poisson Geometry, Related Dendriform Algebras and Rota-Baxter Operators
We will introduce an associative (or quantum) version of Poisson structure
tensors. This object is defined as an operator satisfying a "generalized"
Rota-Baxter identity of weight zero. Such operators are called generalized
Rota-Baxter operators. We will show that generalized Rota-Baxter operators are
characterized by a cocycle condition so that Poisson structures are so. By
analogy with twisted Poisson structures, we propose a new operator "twisted
Rota-Baxter operators" which is a natural generalization of generalized
Rota-Baxter operators. It is known that classical Rota-Baxter operators are
closely related with dendriform algebras. We will show that twisted Rota-Baxter
operators induce NS-algebras which is a twisted version of dendriform algebra.
The twisted Poisson condition is considered as a Maurer-Cartan equation up to
homotopy. We will show the twisted Rota-Baxter condition also is so. And we
will study a Poisson-geometric reason, how the twisted Rota-Baxter condition
arises.Comment: 18 pages. Final versio
Rota-Baxter algebras and new combinatorial identities
The word problem for an arbitrary associative Rota-Baxter algebra is solved.
This leads to a noncommutative generalization of the classical Spitzer
identities. Links to other combinatorial aspects, particularly of interest in
physics, are indicated.Comment: 8 pages, improved versio
Time-ordering and a generalized Magnus expansion
Both the classical time-ordering and the Magnus expansion are well-known in
the context of linear initial value problems. Motivated by the noncommutativity
between time-ordering and time derivation, and related problems raised recently
in statistical physics, we introduce a generalization of the Magnus expansion.
Whereas the classical expansion computes the logarithm of the evolution
operator of a linear differential equation, our generalization addresses the
same problem, including however directly a non-trivial initial condition. As a
by-product we recover a variant of the time ordering operation, known as
T*-ordering. Eventually, placing our results in the general context of
Rota-Baxter algebras permits us to present them in a more natural algebraic
setting. It encompasses, for example, the case where one considers linear
difference equations instead of linear differential equations
Generalized shuffles related to Nijenhuis and TD-algebras
Shuffle and quasi-shuffle products are well-known in the mathematics
literature. They are intimately related to Loday's dendriform algebras, and
were extensively used to give explicit constructions of free commutative
Rota-Baxter algebras. In the literature there exist at least two other
Rota-Baxter type algebras, namely, the Nijenhuis algebra and the so-called
TD-algebra. The explicit construction of the free unital commutative Nijenhuis
algebra uses a modified quasi-shuffle product, called the right-shift shuffle.
We show that another modification of the quasi-shuffle product, the so-called
left-shift shuffle, can be used to give an explicit construction of the free
unital commutative TD-algebra. We explore some basic properties of TD-operators
and show that the free unital commutative Nijenhuis algebra is a TD-algebra. We
relate our construction to Loday's unital commutative dendriform trialgebras,
including the involutive case. The concept of Rota-Baxter, Nijenhuis and
TD-bialgebras is introduced at the end and we show that any commutative
bialgebra provides such objects.Comment: 20 pages, typos corrected, accepted for publication in Communications
in Algebr
Evaluating the effects of language on international trade in MENA countries: A gravity-model approach
Prior studies have investigated the role of economic and noneconomic variables on international trade. A major factor, which has been studied less, is the language used in transactions and negotiations. We explore the effects of language connectedness and the Arabic language on international trade in thirteen countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We used a panel of bilateral data and gravity model for the countries of the region over the 2000 to 2018 period. Our analytic technique was the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood (PPML) estimation method. The empirical outcomes indicate that speaking Arabic leads to an increase in export, that is, Arab nations prefer to export to the countries whose people speak their language. In addition, the language connectedness index, which depends on the extent to which the country's languages are spoken outside the country, is positively associated with the levels of exports and imports. Results further show that the GDP, population of the destination country, and political co-stability have significant positive impacts on the bilateral exports. Additionally, GDP, the population of the source country, political co-stability, and a common border have had significant positive influences on bilateral imports. The major contribution of this research is that the Arabic language has a significant and positive impact on trade among MENA countries
Renormalization: a quasi-shuffle approach
In recent years, the usual BPHZ algorithm for renormalization in perturbative
quantum field theory has been interpreted, after dimensional regularization, as
a Birkhoff decomposition of characters on the Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs,
with values in a Rota-Baxter algebra of amplitudes. We associate in this paper
to any such algebra a universal semi-group (different in nature from the
Connes-Marcolli "cosmical Galois group"). Its action on the physical amplitudes
associated to Feynman graphs produces the expected operations: Bogoliubov's
preparation map, extraction of divergences, renormalization. In this process a
key role is played by commutative and noncommutative quasi-shuffle bialgebras
whose universal properties are instrumental in encoding the renormalization
process
Mixable Shuffles, Quasi-shuffles and Hopf Algebras
The quasi-shuffle product and mixable shuffle product are both
generalizations of the shuffle product and have both been studied quite
extensively recently. We relate these two generalizations and realize
quasi-shuffle product algebras as subalgebras of mixable shuffle product
algebras. As an application, we obtain Hopf algebra structures in free
Rota-Baxter algebras.Comment: 14 pages, no figure, references update
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications Using Chemometric Technique
Purpose: To study the effect of process conditions on the size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by chemometric technique.Methods: AuNPs were prepared by adding 5 ml of 5 mM of gold (III) chloride hydrate HAuCl4 (2 mg/mL) to 85 ml of filtered deionized water, then refluxed in a 250 mL flask over a hot plate and heated to boiling point. Five milliliters of sodium citrate solution of varying concentrations were quickly added to the boiling solution and stirred for 30 min until the color turned to wine red. Chemometric approach, based on multivariant analysis, was applied to the optimization of iron oxide nanoparticle size in respect of three parameters, viz, concentration of sodium citrate solution, stirrer speed and ionic strength of the medium. The experiments were performed according to Box-Behnken experimental design.Results: The regression model obtained was characterized by both descriptive and predictive ability. The method was optimized with respect to average diameter as a response. The average diameter of the nanoparticles produced under different conditions were between 17.7 up to 168.8 nm. The criteria for the evaluation of the descriptive capability of a polynomial were R2 = 0.974, standard error = 13.994 and F-ratio = 18.4.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Box-Behnken experimental design provides a suitable approach for optimizing and testing the robustness of gold nanoparticle preparation method.Keywords: Box-Behnken design, Optimization, Nanoparticles, Gold, Biomedical, Chemometric
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