Investigación termodinámica de prometazina, loratadina, cetirizina y buclizina como medicamentos antihistamínicos; monte carlo y estudios semi-empíricos

In this article, we discussed about four antihistamine drug called promethazine, loratadine, cetirizine and buclizine. Promethazine in this list is the only one in first generation antihistamine classification with CNS sedation effect and the other three belongs to second generation antihistamine group which are non-sedation and used to treat in many different anti-allergenic fields. In the following we optimized potential, kinetic and total energy of these molecules at body temperature (310 k˚) and environment temperature (298 k ˚) using Mont Carlo method in Amber force field in 500 ns. The quantum mechanics calculations and molecular structure of these molecules investigated using B3LYP level of theory with 6-31 G (d) as a basis set. Theoretical computations were performed to study thermodynamic parameters and frequency analysis. Electronic, thermal, zero point and gibs free energy and enthalpy were estimated in frequency analysis. Semi empirical computations were summarized to pm3 method and different energy parameters (total energy, Binding Energy, Isolated Atomic Energy, Electronic Energy, Core–Core Interaction and Heat of Formation.En este artículo, discutimos sobre cuatro medicamentos antihistamínicos llamados prometazina, loratadina, cetirizina y buclizina. La prometazina en esta lista es la única en la clasificación de antihistamínicos de primera generación con efecto de sedación del SNC y los otros tres pertenecen al grupo de antihistamínicos de segunda generación que no son sedantes y se usan para tratar en muchos campos antialérgicos diferentes. A continuación, optimizamos la energía potencial, cinética y total de estas moléculas a temperatura corporal (310 k˚) y temperatura ambiente (298 k ˚) utilizando el método Mont Carlo en el campo de fuerza ámbar en 500 ns. Los cálculos de la mecánica cuántica y la estructura molecular de estas moléculas se investigaron utilizando el nivel de teoría B3LYP con 6-31 G (d) como conjunto de bases. Se realizaron cálculos teóricos para estudiar los parámetros termodinámicos y el análisis de frecuencia. Electrónica, térmica, punto cero y energía libre de gibs y entalpía se estimaron en análisis de frecuencia. Los cálculos semiempíricos se resumieron en el método pm3 y diferentes parámetros de energía (energía total, energía de enlace, energía atómica aislada, energía electrónica, interacción núcleo-núcleo y calor de formación)

Morphohistological characteristic of digestive tract of an endemic cichlid fish, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Objective of the current study was to investigate morphohistology of digestive tract of Iranocichla hormuzensis, one of two native cichlid fishes in Iran. The species present omnivorous feeding habits and restricted in shallow, high temperatures and high salinity water in Mehran River and its drainages. This species has a terminal mouth with several rows of serrated incisive teeth, which covered the upper and lower lips. Esophagus is a short tubular between pharynx and stomach, stomach is relatively small and sac-shape, and intestine is long. Gastric wall, through the digestive tube, consists of four layers of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa with some characters specialized for each organ, such as a well-developed mucosa layer and numerous goblet cell in the ventral section of stomach. Morphohistology of digestive tract of I. hormuzensis supports its generalist diet

Therapeutic and Analgesic Efficacy of Laser in Conjunction With Pharmaceutical Therapy for Trigeminal Neuralgia

Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is the most common neuralgia in the head and neck region and a common cause of orofacial pain. It is routinely treated with carbamazepine. Laser, acupuncture and radiofrequency are among other treatment modalities for this condition. This study sought to assess the efficacy of laser therapy in conjunction with carbamazepine for treatment of TN.Methods: A total of 30 patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups of cases and controls (n = 15) by double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. All patients received 100 mg carbamazepine at baseline and another 100 mg after 2 days for pain control. In the case group, low level laser therapy (LLLT) was also performed in addition to pharmaceutical therapy. Sham laser was used in the control group instead of LLLT. Treatment was continued for 9 sessions (3 days a week). The intensity of pain was measured and compared in the 2 groups using visual analog scale (VAS) in 3 period. The qualitative variables among the groups were compared using the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: The severity of pain was lower at the end of treatment in the case compared to the control group so this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.003). The severity of pain decreased in both groups over time. Significant difference was noted in this regard between the 2 groups either (P = 0.003). At the end of treatment pain intensity dropped in the intervention group from 6/8 to 1/2 and control group from 6/6 to 2/7.Conclusion: Laser therapy did add to the value of pharmaceutical therapy for treatment of TN. Both groups experienced significant improvement over time. So it is better to used laser complementary therapy to reduce side effects and the medicine dosage

Efficacy of Low-Level Laser, Hard Occlusal Appliance and Conventional Pharmacotherapy in the Management of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome; A Preliminary Study

Introduction:Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is a common temporomandibular joint disorder. Due to its multifactorial etiology, treatment usually involves more than one modality to obtain complementary results. The purpose of this study was to compare the combined effect of low level laser, hard occlusal appliance and conventional pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy only in the management of patients with MPDS.Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 15 MPDS patients were diagnosed and randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=5). Subjects in Group 1 were treated with pharmacotherapy (PT), Group 2 received active laser (940 nm Gallium Arsenide) every other day for a total of 10 sessions, plus pharmacotherapy (PTL) and Group 3 were given hard occlusal splint 12 h/day for 4 weeks plus pharmacotherapy (PTO). The intensity of pain was measured using visual analog scale (VAS) prior to treatment, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment onset and 2 weeks later. Maximum painless mouth opening and pain intensity at muscle palpation was also recorded. Comparisons were made between groups in 4 treatment sessions via repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05).Results: Pain relief, in subjective VAS was observed in both laser and appliance groups in the third and fourth examination sessions, though occlusal appliance significantly showed to provide the best results between the three groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant reduction in pain was noted using pharmacotherapy only. Maximum painless mouth opening and muscle tenderness was not significantly different among the three groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: Both Laser and occlusal appliance combined with pharmacotherapy proved to be effective for pain reduction. The 3 groups however failed to result in significant improvement in maximum mouth opening or tenderness of the muscles of mastication

Expression of Leishmania major LmSTI1 in Yeast Pichia Pastoris

Background: Leishmania major LmSTI1 is a conserved protein among different species of leishmania, and expressed in both amastigote and promastigote forms of L. major life cycle. It has previously been expressed in bacterial systems.Materials and Methods: To express LmSTI1 in the methylotrophic yeast         Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris), the shuttle vector pPICZA containing gene lmsti1 was constructed under the control of the AOX1 promoter. The recombinant vector was electro-transformed into P. pastoris, and induced by 0.5% methanol in the buffered medium. The expression of the LmSTI1 protein was visualized in the total soluble protein of P. pastoris by 12% SDS-PAGE, and further confirmed by Western blotting with L.major-infected mouse sera and HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG as the first and secondary antibodies, respectively.Results: The expression level was 0.2% of total soluble proteins.Conclusion: It might be possible to use this formulation as a whole yeast candidate vaccine against cutaneous leishmanization

Synthesis of a new heterocyclic dye compound as an indicator in acid and base reactions

In the present research, the use of 2-(3-hydroxyamino-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)-2-(2-tienyl)acetonitrile as a new acid and base indicator in aquatic environments has been investigated. This compound has been synthesized by the reaction of 3-nitroimidazo [1,2-a] pyridine and 2-(2-thienyl) acetonitrile in a methanol solution by the hydrogen nucleophilic substitution. The aqueous-ethanol solution of this compound shows a change in color by adding acid and an base. For the potential function of this reagent as an indicator, the spectral properties of UV-Vis and the equilibrium of acid and base source have been examined. The results show that the reagent is an amphoteric with two stable ionization factors Ka and Kb with poor acid and base properties. Indicator dissociation constants in aqueous solutions specified by spectrophotometric method are pKa = 9.73 and pKb = 11.57. The types of base that can be titrated with this index have been reported. This index has been compared with effective acid and base indexes with similar pH range.

Synthesis of a new heterocyclic dye compound as an indicator in acid and base reactions

287-290In the present research, the use of 2-(3-hydroxyamino-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)-2-(2-tienyl)acetonitrile as a new acid and base indicator in aquatic environments has been investigated. This compound has been synthesized by the reaction of 3-nitroimidazo [1,2-a] pyridine and 2-(2-thienyl) acetonitrile in a methanol solution by the hydrogen nucleophilic substitution. The aqueous-ethanol solution of this compound shows a change in color by adding acid and an base. For the potential function of this reagent as an indicator, the spectral properties of UV-Vis and the equilibrium of acid and base source have been examined. The results show that the reagent is an amphoteric with two stable ionization factors Ka and Kb with poor acid and base properties. Indicator dissociation constants in aqueous solutions specified by spectrophotometric method are pKa = 9.73 and pKb = 11.57. The types of base that can be titrated with this index have been reported. This index has been compared with effective acid and base indexes with similar pH range

Effect of Curcumin on Pediatric Intractable Epilepsy

ObjectivesEpilepsy is the most prevalent chronic neurologic disorder in children. One-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to antiepileptic drugs. This condition is known as intractable epilepsy. Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of curcumin in the treatment of epilepsy. There are no randomized controlled clinicaltrials assessing the use of curcumin in epilepsy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanomicelle curcumin on intractable pediatric epilepsy. Materials & Methods This double-blinded randomized crossover clinical trial was performed by a consecutive sampling to select 22 patients with intractable epilepsy divided into two groups. Patients received a daily dose of 4 mg/kg of curcumin or placebo as add-on therapy for 4 weeks. After a 2-week washout period, the treatment was replaced, and the new treatment was given for another 4 weeks. The SPSS software version 16 was used for statistical analysis. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran Results A total of 22 children were enrolled in this study, 11 of which were boys. The mean age of the patients was 4.28±5 years. A female patient taking a placebo was excluded in the first week of the trial due to parental dissatisfaction. The most common type of seizure among our patients was a generalized myoclonic seizure (42.9%). The mean number of seizure attacks among the subjects was 68.76±69.26 preintervention and 39.85±39.41at the end of the intervention, which represents a statistically significant difference (P=0.01). Conclusion Nanomicelle curcumin reduced the number of seizures significantly. Our results imply that curcumin treatment can help treat patients wit intractable pediatric epilepsy

A Comparison of Human Development in Psychology and Nahj al-Balaghah

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: From the viewpoint of psychologists, creation of human from birth to death has various stages, namely fetus, childhood, adolescence, youth, middle age, and old age. Apart from biological and cognitive features, these stages have particular social and emotional characteristics which transcend individuals. Imams (PBUT) have paid particular attention to educational recommendations for different ages due to their special characteristics. In this regard, the recommendations of Imam Ali (PBUH) considering ways of treating children, adolescents, and young people indicate his awareness of the difference in physical, cognitive and psychological characteristics and age-specific needs of individuals. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the developmental stages of human in Nahj al-Balaghah from Imam Ali's viewpoints and that of psychology.Method: This study has adopted an analytical-library approach. After studying different books of psychology and Nahj al-Balaghah, the developmental stages of human, and its different characteristics were described. Books from the Islamic and religious sciences, especially those related to the words of Imam Ali in Nahj al-Balaghah as well as books related to the developmental psychology, and articles related to the religious field and psychology were used. During this research, all ethical issues were observed and authors reported no conflict of interests.Results: The findings of psychologists such as Piaget, Eriksson in different embryonic, childhood, adolescence, youth and old age periods are in line with the statements of Imam Ali in Nahj al-Balaghah. From his point of view, each of the stages of development has a special sensitivity that needs to be addressed.Conclusion: The developments in hereditary, social context, psychological and physical factors, and prenatal and postnatal stages were taken into account .In order for individuals to succeed in these stages of growth, beside proper nutrition and a rich environment, education and training tips are very influential. In addition to psychological approaches, in Nahj al-Balaghah issues such as parent-child relationships, making friends, marriage, and communication with the elderly have been pointed out.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Please cite this article as: Mousavi SE, Elahi T, Masjedi Arani A, Saleck Ebrahimi L, Jalilpour M, Shahsavari Z. A Comparison of Human Development in Psychology and Nahj al-Balaghah. J Res Relig Health. 2019; 4(5): 129- 140

Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity

OBJECTIVE Fish-oil contains high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. We have evaluated the effects of purified omega-3 fatty acid supplements on several anthropometric and biochemical parameters, including heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 antibody titres in subjects with metabolic syndrome. METHODS Subjects (n = 120) with metabolic syndrome (mean age of 52.9 +/- 11.9 years) were randomly allocated to one of two groups: sixty subjects were given 1 gram of fish oil as a single capsule, containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid daily for 6 months. Control subjects did not receive any supplementation over the same period. RESULTS The study was completed by 47 subjects in the intervention group and 42 subjects in the control group. Treatment with omega 3 supplements was associated with a significant fall in body weight (P < 0.05), systolic blood pressures (P < 0.05), serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), and total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.05), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P < 0.01), and Hsp27 antibody titres (P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the control group. CONCLUSION It appears that omega 3 improves the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, having effects on weight, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile and markers of inflammation and autoimmunit