Investigation of metal-nickel oxide contacts used for perovskite solar cell

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been able to raise new hopes for a revolution in solar cell technology. However, there are many challenges which need to be resolved in order to reveal the true potential of this technology. An issue which should be addressed in designing PSCs is the metal-hole transporting material (HTM) contact’s property. One of the most promising inorganic HTMs for PSCs is Nickel oxide. Although NiO has been extensively studied in the literature, to the best of our knowledge metal-NiO junctions have never been studied experimentally. In this work, metal-NiO contacts have been investigated to indicate a novel route to choose proper metals in designing PSCs based on NiO as the HTM. Thus, NiO layers with four various metals have been fabricated and comprehensively explored. The contacts have been characterized using the transmission line method (TLM), and a contact resistivity ranging from about 2052 to 34 mΩ⋅cm2 was observed. I-V characteristics showed ohmic behavior in all metal-NiO cases. These results indicate that Fermi level pinning occurs at the valence band edge of the NiO. Further discussions resulted in suggesting Nickel as the most applicable candidate on NiO have been also included

Structural Properties of Post Annealed ITO Thin Films at Different Temperatures

ABSTRACT: Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film

Protective Effect of Exercise on Liver Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Histopathological Changes after Morphine Withdrawal in ‎Rats

Background and purpose: The harmful effects of morphine on the liver after withdrawal syndrome are unclear. In this experiment, we investigated the effects of exercise on oxidative stress, liver inflammation, liver enzymes, and liver histology after morphine withdrawal in rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats (n=30) were randomly divided into five groups: ‎‎control, withdrawal syndrome (addicted), withdrawal syndrome+‎endurance training, withdrawal syndrome+‎resistance training, withdrawal syndrome+concurrent training. The experimental groups received morphine for 28 days, and after withdrawal, training interventions were done for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and liver was removed. Antioxidant activity ‎was measured and histopathological evaluation of ‎liver was done. Also, the TNF-α levels were determined.‎ Results: Compared with control rats, the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the activities of glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly decreased in morphine withdrawal group (P<0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, total oxidant capacity (TOS), and TNFα significantly increased in this group (P<0.05). However, training interventions reduced the concentration of MDA, TOS activity, and TNF-α and increased TAC, SOD, and glutathione. Histological analysis indicated major changes in addict group, while training alleviated these changes. Conclusion: Morphine is used as analgesic in patients, but this study showed that it has harmful effects on liver function and histology