Migratory Restlessness in an Equatorial Nonmigratory Bird

The urge of captive birds to migrate manifests itself in seasonally occurring restlessness, termed “Zugunruhe.” Key insights into migration and an endogenous basis of behavior are based on Zugunruhe of migrants but have scarcely been tested in nonmigratory birds. We recorded Zugunruhe of African stonechats, small passerine birds that defend year-round territories and have diverged from northern migrants at least 1 million years ago. We demonstrate that Zugunruhe is a regular feature of their endogenous program, one that is precisely timed by photoperiod. These results extend ideas of programs for periodic movement to include nonmigratory birds. Such programs could be activated when movements become necessary, in line with observed fast changes and high flexibility of migration. Attention to Zugunruhe of resident birds promises new insights into diverse and dynamic migration systems and enhances predictions of avian responses to global change

Annual chronotypes functionally link life histories and life cycles in birds

Abstract 1.Life-history responses to ecological selection pressures can be described by a slow-fast life-history axis. Along this axis, fast-living animals usually invest in high breeding output, while slow-living ones prioritize their own survival. 2.Birds may solve the trade-off between reproduction and survival by optimising their seasonal schedules. Breeding early tends to facilitate reproductive success, whereas breeding late increases the chances to survive. On the basis of this argument, short- and long-lived birds should benefit from initiating spring activities earlier and later, respectively. 3.The timing of seasonal activities, all else being equal, depends on the architecture of endogenous circannual clocks. Particularly, the length of the circannual period relative to the 365-day environmental year facilitates either the anticipation of seasonal activities (in case of periods shorter than 365 days) or represents a responsive mode (when periods are longer than 365 days). The two alternatives will be manifested by early or late annual chronotypes, respectively. 4.We hypothesise that, in birds, annual chronotype will correspond with position on the ‘pace-of-life scale’. Species with low survival probability, and thus a poor chance of breeding in a next season, should show early annual chronotypes facilitated by circannual clock periods shorter than 365 days. In contrast, species with high survival rates should benefit from relatively long circannual periods. 5.We predicted that circannual period lengths should correlate positively with species-specific adult annual survival rates. Using published data for 16 wild bird species, we confirmed the predicted correlation. In our analysis, we accounted for the possible metabolic nature of circannual clocks, a correlation between rate of metabolism and survival, and phylogenetic relationships. 6.Based on our finding, we propose that evolutionary responsive circannual clocks help birds cope with temporal variation in environment in ways that are most appropriate for their life-history and life-table attributes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved