3 research outputs found

    Advancing Field-Based GNSS Surveying for Validation of Remotely Sensed Water Surface Elevation Products

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    To advance monitoring of surface water resources, new remote sensing technologies including the forthcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite (expected launch 2022) and its experimental airborne prototype AirSWOT are being developed to repeatedly map water surface elevation (WSE) and slope (WSS) of the world’s rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. However, the vertical accuracies of these novel technologies are largely unverified; thus, standard and repeatable field procedures to validate remotely sensed WSE and WSS are needed. To that end, we designed, engineered, and operationalized a Water Surface Profiler (WaSP) system that efficiently and accurately surveys WSE and WSS in a variety of surface water environments using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) time-averaged measurements with Precise Point Positioning corrections. Here, we present WaSP construction, deployment, and a data processing workflow. We demonstrate WaSP data collections from repeat field deployments in the North Saskatchewan River and three prairie pothole lakes near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. We find that WaSP reproducibly measures WSE and WSS with vertical accuracies similar to standard field survey methods [WSE root mean squared difference (RMSD) ∌8 cm, WSS RMSD ∌1.3 cm/km] and that repeat WaSP deployments accurately quantify water level changes (RMSD ∌3 cm). Collectively, these results suggest that WaSP is an easily deployed, self-contained system with sufficient accuracy for validating the decimeter-level expected accuracies of SWOT and AirSWOT. We conclude by discussing the utility of WaSP for validating airborne and spaceborne WSE mappings, present 63 WaSP in situ lake WSE measurements collected in support of NASA’s Arctic-Boreal and Vulnerability Experiment, highlight routine deployment in support of the Lake Observation by Citizen Scientists and Satellites project, and explore WaSP utility for validating a novel GNSS interferometric reflectometry LArge Wave Warning System

    Isolamento e caracterização do vĂ­rus da influenza pandĂȘmico H1N1 em suĂ­nos no Brasil

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    A infecção causada pelo vĂ­rus Influenza A (IAV) Ă© endĂȘmica em suĂ­nos no mundo inteiro. O surgimento da pandemia de influenza humana pelo vĂ­rus A/H1N1 (pH1N1) em 2009 levantou dĂșvidas sobre a ocorrĂȘncia deste vĂ­rus em suĂ­nos no Brasil. Durante o desenvolvimento de um projeto de pesquisa do vĂ­rus de influenza suĂ­na em 2009-2010, na Embrapa SuĂ­nos e Aves (CNPSA), foi detectado em um rebanho de suĂ­nos em Santa Catarina, Brasil, um surto de influenza altamente transmissĂ­vel causado pelo subtipo viral H1N1. Este vĂ­rus causou uma doença leve em suĂ­nos em crescimento e em fĂȘmeas adultas, sem mortalidade. Tres leitĂ”es clinicamente afetados foram eutanasiados. As lesĂ”es macroscĂłpicas incluiam consolidação leve a moderada das ĂĄreas cranioventrais do pulmĂŁo. Microscopicamente, as lesĂ”es foram caracterizadas por bronquiolite necrosante obliterativa e pneumonia broncointersticial. A imunohistoquĂ­mica, utilizando um anticorpo monoclonal contra a nucleoproteĂ­na do vĂ­rus influenza A, revelou marcação positiva no nĂșcleo das cĂ©lulas epiteliais bronquiolares. O tecido pulmonar de trĂȘs leitĂ”es e os suabes nasais de cinco fĂȘmeas e quatro leitĂ”es foram positivos para influenza A pela RT-PCR. O vĂ­rus influenza foi isolado de um pulmĂŁo, mais tarde sendo confirmado pelo teste de hemaglutinação (tĂ­tulo HA 1:128) e por RT-PCR. A anĂĄlise das seqĂŒĂȘncias de nucleotĂ­deos dos genes da hemaglutinina (HA) e proteĂ­na da matriz (M) revelou que o vĂ­rus isolado foi consistente com o vĂ­rus pandĂȘmico A/H1N1/2009 que circulou em humanos no mesmo perĂ­odo. Este Ă© o primeiro relato de um surto de influenza causado pelo vĂ­rus pandĂȘmico A/H1N1 em suĂ­nos no Brasil
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