Effet antimicrobien et sur le mal de gorge d’un spray à base d’extraits de sauge et de sureau, d’huile essentielle de menthe poivrée, de miel et de zinc

International audienceSore throat is one of the most common reasons for consultation in general medicine. Besides the usual allopathic drugs, phytotherapy can be envisaged for its management. To assess the relevance of a product combining extracts of sage and elder, peppermint essential oil, honey and zinc for the management of sore throat, its effect was evaluated in vitro against the main pathogens involved in sore throat (broth microdilution method) and in a prospective observational study carried out in pharmacies. Bactericidal activity was observed against all Gram-negative (Branhamella catarrhalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Haemophilus influenzae) and Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes) bacteria strains; antiviral activity was also tested against type 3 para-influenzae virus. Product activity was maintained at 1:64 dilution ratio. Data collected during the observational study suggest that the product can relieve pain and other symptoms such as dry throat sensation and erythema within 17 minutes on average after spraying. While eliminating possible pathogens involved, the product could relieve pain and symptoms associated with sore throat. These results will have to be confirmed in a clinical trial.Le mal de gorge est un des motifs de consultation en médecine générale les plus fréquents. Pour le soulager, outre les traitements allopathiques usuels, la prise de produits de phytothérapie peut être envisagée. L’intérêt d’un produit de phytothérapie associant des extraits de sauge et de sureau, de l’huile essentielle de menthe poivrée, du miel et du zinc dans la prise en charge du mal de gorge a été évalué in vitro en mesurant son activité sur les principaux pathogènes impliqués dans les angines (microméthode en milieu liquide) et au cours d’une enquête observationnelle prospective conduite en pharmacie d’officine. Une activité bactéricide a été observée à la fois sur les bactéries à Gram négatif (Branhamella catarrhalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum et Haemophilus influenzae) et à Gram positif (Streptococcus pyogenes) étudiées ainsi qu’une activité antivirale vis à-vis du virus para-influenzae de type 3. Cette activité a été maintenue après dilution du produit au 1/64. Les données recueillies au cours de l’étude observationnelle suggèrent que le produit de phytothérapie peut soulager le mal de gorge et les symptômes associés en particulier la sensation de gorge sèche et l’érythème dans un délai de 17 minutes en moyenne après pulvérisation du produit. Tout en éliminant les éventuels pathogènes impliqués, le produit de phytothérapie pourrait donc soulager la douleur et les symptômes associés au mal de gorge. Ces résultats devront être confirmés au cours d’une étude clinique

Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants as Effective Weapons Against Mosquito Vectors of Public Health Importance

The fight against mosquito-borne diseases has recently seen the failure of control programmes based on synthetic chemical treatments to combat larvae and adults of mosquito vectors. This has led to several problems linked to residual substances causing a detrimental impact on environment and human health and to the development of resistance in mosquitoes. In this scenario, new eco-friendly and alternative strategies for the management of mosquito-borne diseases come from the use of plant essential oils (EOs). These are complex mixtures of small, volatile and lipophilic compounds, mostly belonging to monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids, produced by aromatic plants belonging to several botanical families such as Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae. An important ecological role played by EOs is defending plants from several enemies such as bacterial and fungal pathogens, viruses, insects and parasites. EOs represent ideal candidate ingredients to be incorporated in insecticidal formulations since scientific evidences have documented their efficacy against larvae and adults of several mosquitoes (e.g. Anopheles, Aedes and Culex) even at low doses (<50 ppm), the multiple mode of action and wide spectrum of efficacy, the low toxicity on nontarget organisms and environment and the unlikely capacity to induce insect resistance. In this chapter, we gave an overview of the most important EOs obtained from commercially important botanical families with documented efficacy against mosquito vectors. Particular attention has been paid to highlight their strengths and weakness and the future challenges leading to the replacement of conventional insecticides by agrochemical companies

Medicinal plants - prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35 %; piglets ≤ 50 %) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80 %; piglets ≤ 40 %). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies