RRS Discovery Cruise DY039, 17 Oct - 01 Dec 2015, Southampton, UK to Nassau, Bahamas. RAPID moorings cruise report

This cruise report covers scientific operations conducted during RRS Discovery Cruise DY039. The purpose of the cruise was the refurbishment of an array of moorings spanning the latitude of 26.5°N from the Bahamas to the Canary Islands. Cruise DY039 departed from Southampton, UK on Saturday 17 October 2015, calling at Tenerife, Spain and Nassau, Bahamas before ending in Nassau, Bahamas on 21 November 2015. The moorings are part of a purposeful Atlantic wide mooring array for monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the associated heat transport. The array is a joint UK- US programme and is known as the RAPID-MOCHA array. During DY039 moorings were serviced at sites: EBH4, EBH4L, EBH3, EBH2, EBH1, EBH1L, EBHi, EB1, EB1L, MAR3, MAR3L, MAR2, MAR1, MAR1L, MAR0, WB6, WB4, WB4L, WBH2, WB2, WB2L, WB1, WBADCP and WBAL. Sites with suffix ‘L’ denote landers fitted with bottom pressure recorders. RAPID-AMOC continues the measurements at 26°N started with the RAPID and RAPID-WATCH programmes and through the ABC Fluxes project extends the measurements to include biological and chemical measurements in order to determine AMOC links to climate and the ocean carbon sink on interannual-to-decadal time scales. This is the first deployment of the ABC Fluxes biogeochemical samplers and sensors to the array (aside from initial oxygen sensors that were deployed in 2014). The ABC Fluxes sensors include pCO2 sensors, pH sensors, additional oxygen sensors and autonomous water samplers to collect samples for nutrient and carbonate chemistry analysis following mooring recovery. Additionally the RAPID telemetry MkIII system was deployed for the first time on the array at EBHi with 6 data pods set to release over the 18-month deployment period. 24 temperature sensors and 2 75kHz ADCPs were also added to mooring WB1 for the MerMEED project. Mooring EB1L was not able to be recovered but a replacement was deployed. A sediment trap mooring NOGST was also recovered and redeployed for the Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Group at the NOCS. CTD stations were conducted throughout the cruise for purposes of providing pre- and post- deployment calibrations for mooring instrumentation (including oxygen and carbonate chemistry sampling) and for testing mooring releases prior to deployment. Shipboard underway measurements were systematically logged, processed and calibrated, including: surface meteorology, 5m depth sea temperatures and salinities, water depth, and navigation. Water velocity profiles from 15 m to approximately 800 m depth were obtained using the two vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (one 75 kHz and one 150 kHz)

RRS Discovery Cruise DY039, 17 Oct - 01 Dec 2015, Southampton, UK to Nassau, Bahamas. RAPID moorings cruise report

This cruise report covers scientific operations conducted during RRS Discovery Cruise DY039. The purpose of the cruise was the refurbishment of an array of moorings spanning the latitude of 26.5°N from the Bahamas to the Canary Islands. Cruise DY039 departed from Southampton, UK on Saturday 17 October 2015, calling at Tenerife, Spain and Nassau, Bahamas before ending in Nassau, Bahamas on 21 November 2015.The moorings are part of a purposeful Atlantic wide mooring array for monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the associated heat transport. The array is a joint UK- US programme and is known as the RAPID-MOCHA array.During DY039 moorings were serviced at sites: EBH4, EBH4L, EBH3, EBH2, EBH1, EBH1L, EBHi, EB1, EB1L, MAR3, MAR3L, MAR2, MAR1, MAR1L, MAR0, WB6, WB4, WB4L, WBH2, WB2, WB2L, WB1, WBADCP and WBAL. Sites with suffix ‘L’ denote landers fitted with bottom pressure recorders. RAPID-AMOC continues the measurements at 26°N started with the RAPID and RAPID-WATCH programmes and through the ABC Fluxes project extends the measurements to include biological and chemical measurements in order to determine AMOC links to climate and the ocean carbon sink on interannual-to-decadal time scales. This is the first deployment of the ABC Fluxes biogeochemical samplers and sensors to the array (aside from initial oxygen sensors that were deployed in 2014).The ABC Fluxes sensors include pCO2 sensors, pH sensors, additional oxygen sensors and autonomous water samplers to collect samples for nutrient and carbonate chemistry analysis following mooring recovery.Additionally the RAPID telemetry MkIII system was deployed for the first time on the array at EBHi with 6 data pods set to release over the 18-month deployment period. 24 temperature sensors and 2 75kHz ADCPs were also added to mooring WB1 for the MerMEED project.Mooring EB1L was not able to be recovered but a replacement was deployed. A sediment trap mooring NOGST was also recovered and redeployed for the Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Group at the NOCS.CTD stations were conducted throughout the cruise for purposes of providing pre- and post- deployment calibrations for mooring instrumentation (including oxygen and carbonate chemistry sampling) and for testing mooring releases prior to deployment.Shipboard underway measurements were systematically logged, processed and calibrated, including: surface meteorology, 5m depth sea temperatures and salinities, water depth, and navigation. Water velocity profiles from 15 m to approximately 800 m depth were obtained using the two vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (one 75 kHz and one 150 kHz)

Varieties of living things: Life at the intersection of lineage and metabolism

publication-status: Publishedtypes: Articl

Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants

Background Diabetes can be detected at the primary health-care level, and effective treatments lower the risk of complications. There are insufficient data on the coverage of treatment for diabetes and how it has changed. We estimated trends from 1990 to 2022 in diabetes prevalence and treatment for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants aged 18 years and older with measurements of fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and information on diabetes treatment. We defined diabetes as having a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, having an HbA1c of 6·5% or higher, or taking medication for diabetes. We defined diabetes treatment as the proportion of people with diabetes who were taking medication for diabetes. We analysed the data in a Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression model to estimate diabetes prevalence and treatment. Findings In 2022, an estimated 828 million (95% credible interval [CrI] 757–908) adults (those aged 18 years and older) had diabetes, an increase of 630 million (554–713) from 1990. From 1990 to 2022, the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes increased in 131 countries for women and in 155 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest increases were in low-income and middle-income countries in southeast Asia (eg, Malaysia), south Asia (eg, Pakistan), the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Egypt), and Latin America and the Caribbean (eg, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Costa Rica). Age-standardised prevalence neither increased nor decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in some countries in western and central Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia and the Pacific, Canada, and some Pacific island nations where prevalence was already high in 1990; it decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in women in Japan, Spain, and France, and in men in Nauru. The lowest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in western Europe and east Africa for both sexes, and in Japan and Canada for women, and the highest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle East and north Africa, as well as Pakistan and Malaysia. In 2022, 445 million (95% CrI 401–496) adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes did not receive treatment (59% of adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes), 3·5 times the number in 1990. From 1990 to 2022, diabetes treatment coverage increased in 118 countries for women and 98 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest improvement in treatment coverage was in some countries from central and western Europe and Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Costa Rica), Canada, South Korea, Russia, Seychelles, and Jordan. There was no increase in treatment coverage in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa; the Caribbean; Pacific island nations; and south, southeast, and central Asia. In 2022, age-standardised treatment coverage was lowest in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, and treatment coverage was less than 10% in some African countries. Treatment coverage was 55% or higher in South Korea, many high-income western countries, and some countries in central and eastern Europe (eg, Poland, Czechia, and Russia), Latin America (eg, Costa Rica, Chile, and Mexico), and the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Jordan, Qatar, and Kuwait). Interpretation In most countries, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, diabetes treatment has not increased at all or has not increased sufficiently in comparison with the rise in prevalence. The burden of diabetes and untreated diabetes is increasingly borne by low-income and middle-income countries. The expansion of health insurance and primary health care should be accompanied with diabetes programmes that realign and resource health services to enhance the early detection and effective treatment of diabetes

A geostatistical approach to surface flux estimation of atmospheric trace gases

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94944/1/jgrd11176.pd

Publisher Correction: Sex-dimorphic genetic effects and novel loci for fasting glucose and insulin variability.

Correction to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19366-9, published online 5 January 2021. The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 2, in which panels a and b were inadvertently swapped. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article