USABILITY OF LARGE URBAN FACILITIES IN SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION - CASE STUDY OF REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS IN ISTANBUL

Due to the dynamic nature of the urban development in developing countries in parallel to rapidly changing economic, social and technological environments, decisions based on master plans do usually fail. Therefore, spatial transformation is the number one prerequisite to create more livable cities in countries where land use and location decisions do greatly divert from master plans that ill-fully represent the nature of urban development in rapidly changing environment. It is very unfortunate that like many developing countries, central government as well as local governments in Turkey have adopted this approach which is totally inappropriate to their changing environment due to rapid urbanization. In middle and low income economies, urbanization has increased by an average of 3.5 and 3.7% per annum, respectively, compared with an average of 1.5% per annum in the industrialized countries (the rate in Turkey was 4.35% from 1965 to 1985). The percent of urban population in the largest city in Turkey, Istanbul, was 24% in 1980 compared to 18% in 1960. The population of Istanbul was 11.2 million in 2000 compared to 11.3 million of Paris and 11.1 million of Osaka, Kobe (World Development Report by World Bank, 1984). In the periphery of the metropolitan city of Istanbul, there are numerous neighborhoods and urban centers hat need spatial transformation or renewal for the betterment of urban space. Renewal was defined as clearance and redevelopment until the mid-1960s. This approach for the urban betterment was changed in the 1970s by establishing legal ground via improvement and development plans. In contrast to this, in parallel to the radical changes in economic policies in the 1980s, renewal policy for the problematic locations in large urban areas were again equaled regeneration, and spatial transformations were made for the capitalization of global interests in the name of urban rent by transformation projects (Dündar, 2001). The former— improvement and development plans— failed due to the reason said in the beginning. The latter— transformation projects— have found limited application (Portakal Çiçeði, Dikmen Vadisi, Zafer Plaza transformation projects and some others) due to two great limitations: finances and public acceptance towards transformation projects. To overcome these obstacles in general, some approaches are developed, such as ÝHT-ÝHTr-Real-estate planning tools, master plans for earthquakes and natural disasters (Istanbul Metropolitan City), KED Model (Çelikhan et al., 2004). However, these approaches have not found widespread application yet due to necessary legal changes they require and most importantly the finances needed for the transformations desired in urban areas. Under the economic and social conditions in developing countries, what expected from ideal transformation approaches are to create financial tools during the process and to offer the urban rent to land owners primarily in order to speed up the transformation process towards the desired direction by creating voluntarily participation at the utmost level and to reduce the legal problems due to the introduction of new developments and land use planned by the transformation projects to be applied. This study is originated from the idea that large urban developments attract new land uses and users to their proximity or repel current land uses and users around them. This process can be seen as a “voluntarily transformation” process. Since large shopping centers or malls are built in almost every largely populated urban area all over the world in the last 20-30 years due to new shopping habits and global capital investments, we studied the effects of large shopping malls on land use in their proximity as being large developments they create urban transformation process in their proximity, as a case study in Istanbul, Turkey. To support our approach, Dennis at al. (2002) interestingly reported in their study in Northern London that the fist step in urban renovation is to renovate retail shopping and shopping centers. In this context, we performed user surveys in residential and commercial areas as well as at real estate agents in the proximity two large shopping centers; namely, Akmerkez (Etiler, Beþiktaþ) and Tepe-Nautilus (Acýbadem, Kadýköy) in Istanbul. In addition, in the study areas the data on land use changes provided by State Statistics Institute of Turkey have been examined. It is concluded the shopping centers stimulated urban transformation on real estates in their close proximity, and in time they created transformations from residential to commercial within their primary influence boundaries, and beyond those up to a certain distance they became an attractive zone for residential use.

COVID-19 Pandemia and Ethical Problems for Nurses

Dünya’nın hiç beklemediği bir anda yüz yüze geldiği COVID-19 pandemisi, Aralık 2019’da Çin’in Hubei eyaleti Wuhan kentinde bildirilen ilk vakalar ile yaşamımıza girmiştir. Ortalama olarak beş aydır her gün artan hasta ve ölüm sayıları ile bireylerin, toplumların hayatlarında ciddi değişimlere neden olmuştur. Sağlık sistemini ve sağlık bakım profesyonellerini de derinden etkileyen bu süreçte hemşireler de etik sorunlarla sıklıkla karşılaşmaktadırlar. Bu etik sorunlar; “hemşirelerin, hastaların, meslektaşlarının ve ailelerin güvenliği”, “kısıtlı kaynakların dağıtımı” ve “hemşirelerin hastalar ve aileleri olan ilişkilerinin değişen doğası” kapsamında ele alınabilir. Hastanın doğrudan bakım vericisi olan hemşirelerin yaşadığı/yaşayabileceği etik ikilemleri nedenleri ile özetleyen bu makalenin COVID-19’un var olma sürecinin önümüzdeki günlerde de devam edeceği düşünüldüğünde konuya ilişkin bir bakış açısı geliştireceği düşünülmektedir. The COVID-19 pandemic, which the world faced at a very unexpected moment, entered our lives with the first cases Wuhan, China’s Hubei province in December 2019. It has caused serious changes in the lives of individuals and communities with the increasing number of patients and deaths every day for an average of five months. In this process which deeply affects the health system and health care professionals, nurses frequently encounter ethical problems. These ethical issues can be addressed within the context of “safety of nurses, patients, colleagues and families”, “distribution of limited resources”, and “changing nature of nurses’ relationships with patients and their families”. It is believed that the present article, summarizes the ethical dilemmas experienced by the nurses, will provide a perspective on the issue considering that the presence of COVID-19 will continue in the coming days

USABILITY OF LARGE URBAN FACILITIES IN SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION - CASE STUDY OF REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS IN ISTANBUL

Due to the dynamic nature of the urban development in developing countries in parallel to rapidly changing economic, social and technological environments, decisions based on master plans do usually fail. Therefore, spatial transformation is the number one prerequisite to create more livable cities in countries where land use and location decisions do greatly divert from master plans that ill-fully represent the nature of urban development in rapidly changing environment. It is very unfortunate that like many developing countries, central government as well as local governments in Turkey have adopted this approach which is totally inappropriate to their changing environment due to rapid urbanization. In middle and low income economies, urbanization has increased by an average of 3.5 and 3.7% per annum, respectively, compared with an average of 1.5% per annum in the industrialized countries (the rate in Turkey was 4.35% from 1965 to 1985). The percent of urban population in the largest city in Turkey, Istanbul, was 24% in 1980 compared to 18% in 1960. The population of Istanbul was 11.2 million in 2000 compared to 11.3 million of Paris and 11.1 million of Osaka, Kobe (World Development Report by World Bank, 1984). In the periphery of the metropolitan city of Istanbul, there are numerous neighborhoods and urban centers hat need spatial transformation or renewal for the betterment of urban space. Renewal was defined as clearance and redevelopment until the mid-1960s. This approach for the urban betterment was changed in the 1970s by establishing legal ground via improvement and development plans. In contrast to this, in parallel to the radical changes in economic policies in the 1980s, renewal policy for the problematic locations in large urban areas were again equaled regeneration, and spatial transformations were made for the capitalization of global interests in the name of urban rent by transformation projects (Dündar, 2001). The former— improvement and development plans— failed due to the reason said in the beginning. The latter— transformation projects— have found limited application (Portakal Çiçeði, Dikmen Vadisi, Zafer Plaza transformation projects and some others) due to two great limitations: finances and public acceptance towards transformation projects. To overcome these obstacles in general, some approaches are developed, such as ÝHT-ÝHTr-Real-estate planning tools, master plans for earthquakes and natural disasters (Istanbul Metropolitan City), KED Model (Çelikhan et al., 2004). However, these approaches have not found widespread application yet due to necessary legal changes they require and most importantly the finances needed for the transformations desired in urban areas. Under the economic and social conditions in developing countries, what expected from ideal transformation approaches are to create financial tools during the process and to offer the urban rent to land owners primarily in order to speed up the transformation process towards the desired direction by creating voluntarily participation at the utmost level and to reduce the legal problems due to the introduction of new developments and land use planned by the transformation projects to be applied. This study is originated from the idea that large urban developments attract new land uses and users to their proximity or repel current land uses and users around them. This process can be seen as a "voluntarily transformation” process. Since large shopping centers or malls are built in almost every largely populated urban area all over the world in the last 20-30 years due to new shopping habits and global capital investments, we studied the effects of large shopping malls on land use in their proximity as being large developments they create urban transformation process in their proximity, as a case study in Istanbul, Turkey. To support our approach, Dennis at al. (2002) interestingly reported in their study in Northern London that the fist step in urban renovation is to renovate retail shopping and shopping centers. In this context, we performed user surveys in residential and commercial areas as well as at real estate agents in the proximity two large shopping centers; namely, Akmerkez (Etiler, Beþiktaþ) and Tepe-Nautilus (Acýbadem, Kadýköy) in Istanbul. In addition, in the study areas the data on land use changes provided by State Statistics Institute of Turkey have been examined. It is concluded the shopping centers stimulated urban transformation on real estates in their close proximity, and in time they created transformations from residential to commercial within their primary influence boundaries, and beyond those up to a certain distance they became an attractive zone for residential use

Investigation of Public and Private High School Students’Self-Acceptance Levels According to Perceived Social Support Levels From Family, Friends and Teachers

In this research, it was investigated whether public and private high school students’self-acceptance levels vary according to perceived social support levels from family, friends and teachers. This study was carried out with 973 high school students. Data collected by Self Acceptance Inventory high school form and Perceived Social Support Scale were analyzed by means of Factorial Analysis of Variance. When F- statistics were found to be significant, Tukey HSD was used. According to the findings, self acceptance levels of private high school students were significantly higher than those from public high school students. Moreover, it was found that self acceptance levels of both private and public high school students with higher levels of perceived social support levels from family, friends and teachers were significantly higher than that of those whose perceived social support from family, friends and teachers were low.Private high school student, public high school student, self-acceptance, perceived social support.

Understanding intimate partner violence among ethnic and sexual minorities: Lived experiences of queer women in Norway

Drawing upon in-depth, semi-structured interviews, this study explored how queer women from ethnic minority backgrounds in Norway understand and experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Based on an intersectional approach, the study highlights and discusses how having multiple minority positions may inform and affect the way participants experience IPV. The analysis shows that participants’ experiences of IPV are shaped by their multiple minority statuses in Norwegian society. A discussion is provided that revolves around how being a sexual as well as an ethnic minority generates a significant power imbalance for the participants in their relationships.publishedVersio

Understanding Intimate Partner Violence Among Ethnic and Sexual Minorities: Lived Experiences of Queer Women in Norway

© The Author(s) 2022Drawing upon in-depth, semi-structured interviews, this study explored how queer women from ethnic minority backgrounds in Norway understand and experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Based on an intersectional approach, the study highlights and discusses how having multiple minority positions may inform and affect the way participants experience IPV. The analysis shows that participants’ experiences of IPV are shaped by their multiple minority statuses in Norwegian society. A discussion is provided that revolves around how being a sexual as well as an ethnic minority generates a significant power imbalance for the participants in their relationships.publishedVersio

A Phenomenological Pilot Study on the Opinions of Nursing Students Related to Nursing History Education

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, ülkemizde hemşirelik okullarında hemşirelik tarihi dersinin ulusal standardizasyonunu sağlamaya yardımcı olabilecek ulusal bir çalışmanın ön çalışmasını yapabilmektir. Bu bağlamda da araştırmada hemşirelik bölümü birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin hemşirelik tarihi eğitimine ilişkin görüşleri incelenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma nitel araştırmalardan fenomenolojik araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış olup, odak grup görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Araştırma evrenini, bir üniversitenin hemşirelik bölümü birinci sınıfında öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemi ise araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden öğrencilerden amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden olan benzeşik (homojen) örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiş 7 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesi için gerekli izinler alınmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında “Öğrenci Tanıtım Formu” ve “Yarı Yapılandırılmış Görüşme Formu” kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırma kapsamına alınan öğrencilerin 4’ü kız, 3’ü erkektir ve yaş ortalaması 19,42±1,65 yıl’dır. Araştırma verilerinin içerik analizi sonucunda mevcut hemşirelik tarihi öğretimine ilişkin “Mesleki Kimlik Gelişimine Katkı”, “Eğitim-Öğretim Süresi”, “Eğitimin İçeriği”, “Eğitim-Öğretim Yöntemi” olmak üzere 4 tema belirlenmiştir. Bu temalarla bağlantılı olarak da 9 tane alt tema belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bu çalışma sonuçlarının hemşirelik eğitiminde hemşirelik tarihi eğitiminin ulusal boyutta başka çalışma sonuçlarının şekillendirilmesinde bir dayanak olacağı inancındayız. Abstract Objective: The aim of this research is to be able to carry out a pilot study of a national study which can help to ensure national standardization of nursing history course in nursing schools in our country.In this context, the opinions of the first year students of the nursing department about the education of nursing history were examined in the research. Material and Method: The research was carried out by qualitative research using phenomenological research method, focus group research design. The research population consisted of students who were studying in the first year of the nursing department of a university.The sample of the study consisted of students who were determined using the homogeneous sampling method from the students who agreed to participate in the research. Permission has been obtained for the realization of the study. “Student Description Form” and “Semi-structured Interview Form” were used to collect research data. Results: Among the students included in the scope of the research, 4 are female, 3 are male and 19.42±1.65 year age average. As a result of the content analysis of the research data, 4 themes were defined as “Contribution to Professional Identity Development”, “Duration of Education”, “Content of the Education”, “Teaching Method” of current nursing history course. Nine sub-themes have been identified in connection with these themes. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that nursing education education in nursing education will be a basis for shaping other study results at national level

The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Integrative Self-knowledge Scale

AbstractThe aim of this research is to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Integrative self -knowledge Scale (ISKS; Ghorbani, Watson, & Hargis, 2008). Participants were 396 university students (277 were female and 119 were male) from Sakarya University. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three dimensional model was well fitted and Chi-Square value (x2=108. 38, df=49, p=0. 00) which was calculated for the adaptation of the model was found to be significant. The goodness of fit index values of the model were RMSEA=.055, NFI=.97, CFI=.98, IFI=.98, RFI=.96, GFI=.96, and SRMR=.041. The internal consistency coefficients of three subscales were .74, .77, and .83, respectively. The overall internal consistency coefficient of the scale was .86. The corrected item-total correlations of ISKS ranged from .37 to .67. Overall findings demonstrated that this scale had high validity and reliability scores and that it may be used as a valid and reliable instrument in order to assess self-knowledge levels of individuals

Breast hamartoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 27 cases and a literature review

OBJECTIVES: Breast hamartoma is an uncommon breast tumor that accounts for approximately 4.8% of all benign breast masses. The pathogenesis is still poorly understood and breast hamartoma is not a well-known disorder, so its diagnosis is underestimated by clinicians and pathologists. This study was designed to present our experience with breast hamartoma, along with a literature review. METHOD: We reviewed the demographic data, pathologic analyses and imaging and results of patients diagnosed with breast hamartoma between December 2003 and September 2013. RESULTS: In total, 27 cases of breast hamartoma operated in the Ankara University Medicine Faculty's Department of General Surgery were included in the study. All patients were female and the mean age was 41.8±10.8 years. The mean tumor size was 3.9±2.7 cm. Breast ultrasound was performed on all patients before surgery. The most common additional lesion was epithelial hyperplasia (22.2%). Furthermore, lobular carcinoma in situ was identified in one case and invasive ductal carcinoma was observed in another case. Immunohistochemical staining revealed myoid hamartoma in one case (3.7%). CONCLUSION: Breast hamartomas are rare benign lesions that may be underdiagnosed because of the categorization of hamartomas as fibroadenomas by pathologists. Pathologic examinations can show variability from one case to another. Thus, the true incidence may be higher than the literature indicates

Vacutainer ve Enjektör ile Kan Alma Tekniğinin Hemoliz Oranına Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Objective: This study was conducted to determine hemolysis rates for venous blood samples drawn by injector and vacutainer holder and to assess the effect of the venipuncture technique on the process of hemolysis. Material and Method: This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted with 128 patients who were admitted to the Cardiology and Angio clinics of a university hospital and met the inclusion criteria. One group of patients who were to have routine biochemical tests underwent venipuncture with an injector, and another group with a vacutainer. Results: The serum hemolysis level is not significantly different by gender. No significant correlation was found between blood serum hemolysis levels and age or Body Mass Index with blood drawn with an injector or with a vacutainer. While the serum hemolysis level was on average 0.11 g/dl in blood drawn with an injector, the level in blood drawn with a vacutainer was 0.06 g/dl; the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between hemolysis rates in blood drawn with an injector or with a vacutainer. However, the hemolysis rates in blood drawn with an injector were almost twice the rates noted in blood drawn with a vacutainer, and this difference may be clinically significant. Amaç: Bu araştırma enjektör ve vacutainer kullanılarak alınan venöz kanlarda hemoliz oranını belirlemek ve kan alma tekniğinin hemoliz gelişimi üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kesitsel ve analitik tipte olan bu araştırma, bir üniversite hastanesinin Kardiyoloji ve Anjiyo kliniklerine yatışı yapılan ve araştırmaya dahil edilme kriterlerine uyan 128 hasta ile yürütülmüştür. Rutin biyokimyasal tetkikleri istenilen bir grup hastadan enjektörle, diğer gruptaki hastalardan vacutainer ile kan alınmıştır. Bulgular: Serum hemoliz düzeyi cinsiyetler arasında anlamlı olarak farklı değildir. Enjektör ve vacutainer ile alınan kan örneklerindeki serum hemoliz düzeyleri ile yaş ve Beden Kütle İndeksi arasında anlamlı korelasyon saptanmamıştır. Serum hemoliz düzeyi enjektör ile alınan kanlarda ortalama 0.11 g/dl iken vacutainer ile alınan kanlarda ortalama 0.06 g/dl olup bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Sonuç: Bu araştırmada enjektör ve vacutainer ile alınan kan örneklerindeki hemoliz oranları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık göstermemiştir. Ancak enjektörle alınan kanlarda ortalama hemoliz oranı vacutainer ile alınan kanlardan neredeyse iki kat fazladır, bu fark klinik açıdan anlamlı olabilmektedir