Caracterización y análisis de la competitividad de la industria atunera colombiana en el marco de la ley de preferencias arancelarias ATPDEA

Los cambios que ha sufrido el mundo en los últimos tiempos han sido un presagio de lo que va a suceder en el futuro y de cómo serán las relaciones entre los países. Cada vez son más comunes las integraciones, los tratados, convenios, pactos y negocios que conllevan a la unión en diferentes campos de la vida, entre ellos, los económicos, sociales, culturales, deportivos, religiosos, y muchos otros que muestran claramente el fenómeno de la globalización. Un ejemplo reciente es la ampliación y prórroga del ATPA, denominado ATPDEA, que traduce “Ley de preferencias arancelarias y erradicación de narcóticos a los países andinos” por parte de los Estados Unidos. Colombia desde 1992 pertenece al grupo de países beneficiarios del ATPDEA junto con Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú, su liderazgo en la CAN ha permitido un posicionamiento en materia de exportaciones hacia Estados Unidos que ha generado un importante aporte en las exportaciones totales y por consiguiente al crecimiento y desarrollo económico. No obstante, los resultados no han sido completamente favorables para todos los sectores beneficiados por la normatividad, algunos han contado con mayores beneficios que otros, ya que son más de 6326 oportunidades que se tienen para poder penetrar con preferencias arancelarias a un mercado tan grande como el americano.Incluye bibliografí

Impacto del COVID-19 en la liquidez de las empresas del sector azucarero de la región La Libertad supervisadas por la SMV, durante el periodo 2018-2021

En los años 2020 y 2021 se enfrentó una crisis sanitaria mundial, debido a la aparición de un virus denominado SARS-CoV-2 por la comunidad científica, el cual afectó a la mayoría de los países tanto en salud como en economía. Debido a esto los gobiernos implementaron medidas restrictivas para las empresas, las cuales en su gran mayoría se vieron afectadas, sin embargo, existieron grupos empresariales que no fueron perjudicados, uno de ellos es el sector azucarero, por esta razón el objetivo básico de esta tesis es determinar el impacto del Covid-19 en la liquidez de las empresas del sector Azucarero de la región La Libertad supervisadas por la Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores, durante el periodo 2018-2021. Se utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo para este estudio con un nivel de investigación descriptivo y analítico, por lo que se empleó un diseño no experimental, siendo la guía de análisis documental como único instrumento. Obteniendo como resultado que todas las empresas azucareras aumentaron su liquidez en los años 2018 y 2021, principalmente por el alza de precios del azúcar, por lo que se concluyó que el Covid-19 influyó de manera positiva la liquidez de las compañías

Impact of Cefotaxime Non-susceptibility on the Clinical Outcomes of Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Background: We aimed to analyze the impact of cefotaxime non-susceptibility on the 30-day mortality rate in patients receiving a third-generation cephalosporin for pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of prospectively collected data from the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. All adult patients with monomicrobial bacteremic pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and treated with a third-generation cephalosporin from January 1991 to December 2016 were included. Risk factors associated with 30-day mortality were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: During the study period, 721 eligible episodes were identified, and data on the susceptibility to cefotaxime was obtainable for 690 episodes. Sixty six (10%) cases were due to a cefotaxime non-susceptible strain with a 30-day mortality rate of 8%. Variables associated with 30-day mortality were age, chronic liver disease, septic shock, and the McCabe score. Infection by a cefotaxime non-susceptible S. pneumoniae did not increase the mortality rate. Conclusion: Despite the prevalence of cefotaxime, non-susceptible S. pneumoniae has increased in recent years. We found no evidence to suggest that patients hospitalized with bacteremic pneumonia due to these strains had worse clinical outcomes than patients with susceptible strains

Modelling of photonic wire Bragg Gratings

Some important properties of photonic wire Bragg grating structures have been investigate. The design, obtained as a generalisation of the full-width gap grating, has been modelled using 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations. Different types of stop-band have been observed. The impact of the grating geometry on the lowest order (longest wavelength) stop-band has been investigated - and has identified deeply indented configurations where reduction of the stop-bandwidth and of the reflectivity occurred. Our computational results have been substantially validated by an experimental demonstration of the fundamental stop-band of photonic wire Bragg gratings fabricated on silicon-on-insulator material. The accuracy of two distinct 2D computational models based on the effective index method has also been studied - because of their inherently much greater rapidity and consequent utility for approximate initial designs. A 2D plan-view model has been found to reproduce a large part of the essential features of the spectral response of full 3D models

An In Vitro Study of the Effects of Temperature and pH on Lead Bioremoval Using Serratia marcescens

Heavy metal contamination of water is a widespread problem in Peru and represents a potential threat to the ecosystem. Bacteria are an ecological alternative to treating these effluents. This research aims to determine the influence of temperature and pH on the lead (Pb) bioremoval in surface water using Serratia marcescens under laboratory conditions. The sample was collected from a stream located in Santiago de Chuco City (Peru). Treatments (T) were carried out by combining pH (5 and 7) and temperature (25, 30, and 35 °C). The bacterial inoculum (S. marcescens) was 3 × 108 CFU/mL, which was constant in all treatments. The lead bioremoval evaluation was performed in an airlift bioreactor and the incubation time was 24 h. The total lead concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results show that treatment 6 (temperature: 35 °C, pH: 5, and inoculum: 3 × 108 UFC/mL) showed a better result than the other treatments, with a removal value of 63.94%. Furthermore, the total lead concentration decreased from an initial concentration of 0.268 mg Pb/L to a final value of 0.0964 mg Pb/L. These results are still above the allowed water value (15 µg/L) according to Peruvian standards. On the other hand, temperature and pH influenced lead removal from surface water when S. marcescens was used after a short incubation period (24 h). Although an attempt was made to improve lead bioremoval by varying two parameters, temperature and pH, future research is still needed to investigate the effect of different inoculum concentrations, the use of microbial consortia, and a broader range of physicochemical parameters

Time-to-positivity, type of culture media and oxidase test performed on positive blood culture vials to predict Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with Gram-negative bacilli bacteraemia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of oxidase test and time-to-positivity (TTP) in aerobic and anaerobic blood culture vials to detect the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) bacteraemia. METHODS: TTP was recorded for each aerobic and anaerobic blood culture vial of monomicrobial bacteraemia due to GNB. Oxidase test was performed in a pellet of the centrifuged content of the positive blood culture. An algorithm was developed in order to perform the oxidase test efficiently taking into account TTP and type of vial. RESULTS: A total of 341 episodes of GNB bacteraemia were analysed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the oxidase test performed on positive vials with GNB to predict P. aeruginosa were 95%, 99%, 91%, and 99%, respectively. When growth was first or exclusively detected in anaerobic vials, P. aeruginosa was never identified hence the performance of the oxidase test could be avoided. When growth was only or first detected in aerobic vials, a TTP≥8h predicted P. aeruginosa in 37% or cases (63 of 169), therefore oxidase test is highly recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidase test performed onto positive blood culture vials previously selected by TTP and type of vials is an easy and inexpensive way to predict P. aeruginosa. In most cases, this can lead to optimization of treatment in less than 24 hours

Association of maternal weight with FADS and ELOVL genetic variants and fatty acid levels- The PREOBE follow-up.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) and elongase (ELOVL) enzymes affect long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) production. We aimed to determine if these SNPs are associated with body mass index (BMI) or affect fatty acids (FAs) in pregnant women. Participants (n = 180) from the PREOBE cohort were grouped according to pre-pregnancy BMI: normal-weight (BMI = 18.5-24.9, n = 88) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25, n = 92). Plasma samples were analyzed at 24 weeks of gestation to measure FA levels in the phospholipid fraction. Selected SNPs were genotyped (7 in FADS1, 5 in FADS2, 3 in ELOVL2 and 2 in ELOVL5). Minor allele carriers of rs174545, rs174546, rs174548 and rs174553 (FADS1), and rs1535 and rs174583 (FADS2) were nominally associated with an increased risk of having a BMI≥25. Only for the normal-weight group, minor allele carriers of rs174537, rs174545, rs174546, and rs174553 (FADS1) were negatively associated with AA:DGLA index. Normal-weight women who were minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs had lower levels of AA, AA:DGLA and AA:LA indexes, and higher levels of DGLA, compared to major homozygotes. Among minor allele carriers of FADS2 and ELOVL2 SNPs, overweight/obese women showed higher DHA:EPA index than the normal-weight group; however, they did not present higher DHA concentrations than the normal-weight women. In conclusion, minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs have an increased risk of obesity. Maternal weight changes the effect of genotype on FA levels. Only in the normal-weight group, minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs displayed reduced enzymatic activity and FA levels. This suggests that women with a BMI≥25 are less affected by FADS genetic variants in this regard. In the presence of FADS2 and ELOVL2 SNPs, overweight/obese women showed higher n-3 LC-PUFA production indexes than women with normal weight, but this was not enough to obtain a higher n-3 LC-PUFA concentration

Señor. El Marquès de las Sirgadas suplica, se declare no haver lugar à el recurso, intentado por el Excelentissimo Señor Duque de Medina-Coeli [sic], por via de abravo, è injusticia notora de las providencias dadas por la Chancillería de la Ciudad de Granada : y se le condene en la cantidad del deposito, con que se le admiitò dicho recurso, y en las costas,y perjuicios, ocasionados al Marquès ...

Tít. tomado de comienzo de textoSe ha respetado la puntuación originalAl final del texto consta: "Doct. D. Juan de Riambau" y "Lic. D. Christoval de Espinosa Ocampo"En h. 3v consta el año 1748Sign.: A-E\p2\s, F\p1\sCapital xil

De la compulsa sacada del Archivo de Simancas, de la Executoria dada en favor de Don Luis de Toro y Cardenas, sobre la tenuta del Condado de la Puebla de el Maestre ... contra Doña Brianda de Cardenas, Condesa de Concentayna, Doña Guiomar su hija, en el año de 1611, que se presentò en 21 de enero de 1715 por el Marquès de la Torre de las Sirgadas, en el pleyto de Tenuta á dicho Condado ... con los Duques de Arco, Medina-Celi, el Conde del Montijo y otros consortes ...

Tít. tomado de comienzo de textoAl final del texto consta: "Lic. Don Manuel García de Paredes"Sign.: A-D\p2\s, E\p1\sCapital xil