Measuring Under-Five Mortality: Validation of New Low-Cost Methods

n/

Overcoming the problems of inconsistent international migration data: a new method applied to flows in Europe

Due to differences in definitions and measurement methods, cross-country comparisons of international migration patterns are difficult and confusing. Emigration numbers reported by sending countries tend to differ from the corresponding immigration numbers reported by receiving countries. This paper presents a method to achieve harmonised estimates of migration flows by comparing the differences in data reported by both sending and receiving countries. For each country we estimate one adjustment factor for immigration and one for emigration in such a way that the adjusted immigration and emigration numbers are closer to each other than the numbers reported by sending and receiving countries. A number of specific origin-destination flows have to be considered separately since the adjusted numbers are not consistent with each other. For these cases we introduce additional constraints. Our methodology is illustrated for migration between 19 European countries from 2002 to 2007. The methods compensates for both cross-country differences in definitions and the effects of measurement errors due to e.g. under reporting and sampling fluctuations. The results represent a reliable and consistent set of international migration flows that can be used for understanding recent changes in migration patterns, as inputs into population projections and for developing evidence-based migration policies

Practicing Belonging in Kindergarten: Children’s use of Places and Artefacts.

Boldermo presents a summary of the relationship between early childhood education for social sustainability and migrant children’s negotiations of social identity and belonging in early childhood. Focusing on the football and the football pitch, the chapter draws attention to how children’s practices of belonging can be understood through their use of artifacts and places in the kindergarten. Fieldnotes, photographs and small stories from fieldwork in a multicultural kindergarten in Norway are the basis for this analysis of a migrant child’s use of the football and the football pitch. The analysis is conducted within a cultural-historical framework. The conclusion is that artifacts and places serve as tools for negotiating a social identity and practice belonging to a community