Stress and melanoma: increasing the evidence towards a causal basis

Melanoma is a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component and known risk factors such as excessive ultraviolet exposure, intermittent sunburns and fair skin type. The prognosis is poor if diagnosis is delayed, in spite of recent treatment advances. Evidence is mounting that the incidence of melanoma is higher in the immunosuppressed and individuals with highly stressful occupations. We present a case series of individuals diagnosed with multiple cutaneous melanomas over a few months to 1 year. All had encountered psychological stressors in their lives, and the melanomas were diagnosed briefly after encountering these stressors. No known causes of immunosuppression were detected to explain the sporadic occurrence of melanomas in these individuals. There is evidence in the current literature that stress can lead to immune disregulation, predisposing an individual to various disease states including melanoma. Stress hormones such as norepinephrine have been shown to cause upregulation of cytokines such as Interleukin 6 and 8, which are proangiogenic and support tumour progression. Coupled with genetic and environmental factors, stress appears to play a role in melanoma formation and progression. Large prospective studies are required to study the link between stress and melanoma and gain further insight into the etiology of melanoma

Depression and prostate cancer—why do they show up together?

Patients with prostate cancer are known to be affected by higher levels of depression than their peers. Patients with this combination are less likely to undergo definitive treatment and have lower rates of survival. A new study has investigated the likelihood of a diagnosis of depression prior to prostate cancer

Factors associated with seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in pregnant women of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between seropositivity for IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and socio-economic and environmental variables in pregnant women of Londrina, state of Paraná, Brazil. We interviewed 492 pregnant women, each of whom answered an epidemiological questionnaire, and collected blood samples for measurement of IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies by chemiluminescence. A confirmatory diagnosis of acute infection was made by an IgG avidity test. Titres of specific IgG anti-T. gondii were obtained by IFAT. Seropositivity for IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies was observed in 242 women (49.2%) and, of these, six pregnant women (1.2%) showed seropositivity for IgM. Age group, level of education, per capita income, presence of a cat in the house and a habit of eating green vegetables were all factors associated with a greater chance of infection with T. gondii. This study showed that 250 (50.8%) pregnant women were susceptible to T. gondii and considered to be at high risk for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Based on the results obtained, is critical to establish a program of health surveillance for toxoplasmosis, in order to contribute to diagnosis and early treatment during the prenatal period. It is also necessary to introduce measures to prevent the Toxoplasma infection in seronegative pregnant women

Suspected acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women Suspeita de toxoplasmose aguda em gestantes

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of reagent serology for suspected acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and to describe clinical, laboratory and therapeutic profiles of mothers and their children. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with IgM-anti-Toxoplasma gondii-reagent pregnant women and their children who attended the public health system in the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil, from January 2001 to December 2003. Information were obtained from clinical, laboratory (ELISA IgM/IgG) and ultrasonographic data and from interviews with the mothers. To test the homogeneity of the IgM indices in relation to the treatment used, the Pearson's Chi-square test was applied. Comparisons were considered significant at a 5% level. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety (1.0%) cases of suspected IgM-reagent infection were documented, with a prevalence of 10.7 IgM-reagent women per 1,000 births. Prenatal care started within the first 12 weeks for 214/290; 146/204 were asymptomatic. Frequent complaints included headaches, visual disturbance and myalgia. Ultrasonography revealed abnormalities in 13 of 204 pregnancies. Chemoprophylaxis was administered to 112/227; a single ELISA test supported most decisions to begin treatment. Pregnant women with IgM indices =2.000 tended to be treated more often. Among exposed children, 44/208 were serologically followed up and all were IgG-reagent, and three IgM-reagent cases showed clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of pregnant women with laboratorially suspected acute toxoplasmosis who were not properly followed up, and of fetuses that were not adequately monitored, shows that basic aspects of the prenatal care are not being systematically observed. There is need of implementing a surveillance system of pregnant women and their children exposed to T. gondii.<br>OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de gestantes com sorologia reagente suspeita de toxoplasmose aguda e descrever as variáveis maternas e do concepto relacionadas ao perfil clínico, laboratorial e terapêutico. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com gestantes IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii reagentes e conceptos atendidos em serviço público de saúde do Paraná, de janeiro/2001-dezembro/2003. Foram obtidas informações a partir de dados dos registros clínicos, laboratoriais (ELISA IgM/IgG), ultrassonográficos e de entrevista materna. Para testar a homogeneidade dos indices de IgM em relação ao tratamento usado, aplicou-se o qui-quadrado de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 290 casos (1,0%) IgM reagentes, evidenciando prevalência de 10,7 gestantes com sorologia reagente a cada 1.000 nascimentos. Duzentos e quatorze de 290 gestantes iniciaram o pré-natal até a 12ª semana de gestação; 146/204 foram assintomáticas; cefaléia, distúrbios visuais e mialgia foram queixas freqüentes; 13/204 gestantes apresentaram anormalidades ao ultrassom; 112/227 gestantes receberam quimioprofilaxia; um único teste ELISA apoiou a maioria das tomadas de decisão para a quimioprofilaxia. Houve tendência em tratar gestantes com índices de IgM=2.000. Dentre as crianças expostas, 44/208 tiveram algum acompanhamento sorológico, das quais todas foram IgG reagentes e três casos IgM reagentes apresentaram manifestações clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: A existência de gestantes com suspeita laboratorial de toxoplasmose aguda não devidamente investigada e de conceptos sem monitoração adequada evidenciam que aspectos fundamentais da assistência pré-natal não estão sendo sistematicamente observados. Aponta-se a necessidade de implementar o sistema de vigilância para gestantes e crianças expostas ao T. gondii

Posttraumatic stress disorder and cancer risk: a nationwide cohort study

BACKGROUND: The association between stress and cancer incidence has been studied for more than seven decades. Despite plausible biological mechanisms and evidence from laboratory studies, findings from clinical research are conflicting. The objective of this study was to examine the association between PTSD and various cancer outcomes. METHODS: This nation-wide cohort study included all Danish-born residents of Denmark from 1995 – 2011. The exposure was PTSD diagnoses (n = 4,131). The main outcomes were cancer diagnoses including: 1) all malignant neoplasms; 2) hematologic malignancies; 3) immune-related cancers; 4) smoking- and alcohol-related cancers; 5) cancers at all other sites. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated. RESULTS: Null associations were found between PTSD and nearly all cancer diagnoses examined, both overall (SIR for all cancers = 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.88, 1.2) and in analyses stratified by gender, age, substance abuse history and time since PTSD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the most comprehensive examination to date of PTSD as a predictor of many cancer types. Our data show no evidence of an association between PTSD and cancer in this nationwide cohort