Chemical Composition of Different Extracts of Conyza bonariensis: Insecticidal and Nematicidal Activities

C. bonariensis (L.) Cronq. known as hairy fleabane was first described in Argentina but it is now widely spread through most warmer regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America. In this work, a chemical analysis by liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry of the whole plant, aerial part, flowers and roots extracts of C. bonariensis harvested in Togo (West Africa) was carried out. Two acetylenic compounds Lachnophyllum ester and limonene were identified as the main components of essential oils while Lachnophyllum and Matricaria lactones were dominant in chloroform extracts. Based on the plant chemical compositions, essential oils and chloroform extracts were tested on cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus adults which are considered as one of the most cosmopolitan pests of stored beans, and on freshly hatched second-stage juveniles of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Results showed that the whole plant essential oil demonstrated an LC50/24h value of 1.75 μL oil/L air on C. maculatus while at 3.91 μL oil/L air, it showed 100% mortality. Furthermore, the plant root chloroform extracts partitioned in diethyl ether-hexane mixture showed the strongest nematicidal activity with an LC50/72h value of 0.47 mg/mL. Our findings suggest that the widely diffused plant C. bonariensis and its acetylenic constituents could be considered as potent botanical insecticidal and nematicidal agents

Differential constituents in roots, stems and leaves of Newbouldia laevis Thunb. screened by LC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS

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Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of different parts of Ficus sur

Introduction: Ficus sur is a plant widely used in traditional pharmacopoeia in Togo. So, this study aimed the assessment of antioxidant properties and identification of some compounds from the ethanolic extracts of different parts of the plant (leaves, fruits, roots, and barks). Methods: The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ethanolic extracts of different organs of Ficus sur were assessed using conventional known methods. The DPPH radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to highlight the antioxidant activities. The different extract samples were also analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time of flight mass detector (ESI-QTOF). Results: Total phenolic contents (TPCs) for 1 mg of dry extract ranged from 489.40 ± 7.48 μg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) for the bark to 62.34 ± 2.66 μg GAE for unripe fruits. The bark exhibited the highest flavonoid content, which was closed to 90.20 ± 3.72 μg QE (quercetin equivalents)/mg of dry extract. The radical scavenging activities of the bark and unripe fruits were 56.50 ± 0.29 and 7.3 ± 0.30 μg QE/mg of dry extract, respectively. In the same order, the FRAP values of the two organs were 104.57 ± 4.75 and 19.61 ± 0.22 μmol FeSO4 Eq/mg of dry extract. Many compounds including notoginsenoside R10; 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol; catechin; and boviquinone 4 were identified. Conclusion: The various organs of Ficus sur are a source of bioactive compounds especially phenolic compounds and flavonoids with antioxidant activit

A Comparative Study of the Chemical Composition of the Extracts from Leaves, Stem Bark, and Root Bark of Cassia sieberiana: Antibacterial Activities

In Togo, the abusive use of the root of Cassia sieberiana D.C. in traditional medicine, contributes gradually to the rarefaction of the species. The general objective of this study is to promote the use of vital organs of Cassia sieberiana in traditional medicine in Togo. The identification of secondary metabolites of the extracts (cyclohexane, dichloromethane and methanol) was carried out by GC-MS and by CL-MS / MS. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to the well diffusion method and the MICs and MBCs according to the tube dilution method. Compounds such as sitosterol α-acetate, β-sitosterol, emodin, chaetochromine, luteolin, (±) -catechin, naringenin 5-O-rhamnoside, guibourtinidol- (4 alpha-> 6) -catechin and (-) - epiafzelechin are found in the root and in the stem bark. The identified molecules give the different methanolic extracts, an antibacterial effect on all the germs tested. At the end of this study, it appears that the chemical composition of the stem bark is almost similar to that of the root bark. The leaves would be better placed for the treatment of bacteria tested

Comparative lipid composition and GC–MS fatty acid profiling of tropical African freshwater fishes

In dietary contexts, fish are renowned for the diverse array of unsaturated fatty acids they provide to the body. While data regarding the fatty acid composition of freshwater fish are readily available in most developed countries, research on African freshwater fish remains notably limited. In this study, we investigated the fatty acid composition of fifteen freshwater fish species from Africa, primarily Afrotropical regions. Lipids were extracted using a solvent mixture of methanol, water, and chloroform. Subsequently, total fatty acids were determined by saponification, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed via GC–MS following methylation in the presence of BF3 and methanol. The results revealed lipid levels in fish fillets ranging from 1.99 % for T. guineensis to 6.41 % for M. bananensis. Total fatty acid percentages of lipids were found to be 81.40 ± 9.15 % for S. nigripinnis, 83.75 ± 6.12 % for L. niloticus, and 92.99 ± 11.30 % for C. dageti. The fatty acid profiles of 15 properly identified fish species have been determined, with the majority being identified for the first time. The composition of health-important omega-3 fatty acids EPA and total DHA ranged from 4.82 ± 0.2 % for Cyprinus lepidotus to 17.43 ± 2.50 % for Mugil bananensis. Unsupervised multivariate data analysis of fatty acid profiles of the different fish species showed significant differences. When the fish were grouped into 4 categories based on their similarities, 12 discriminant fatty acids characteristic of each group were identified. Among these fatty acids are omega-6 acids such as γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, and omega-3 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). This research opens avenues for consumers to make informed dietary choices aligned with their specific fatty acid needs and preferences regarding fish consumptio

Comparative Metabolomic Profiling of Eggs from 3 Diverse Chicken Breeds Using GC-MS Analysis

Eggs, as a crucial source of essential nutrients for consumers, possess a high nutritional value owing to their rich composition of vital components essential for human health. While previous research has extensively investigated genetic factors influencing egg quality, there has been a limited focus on exploring the impact of specific strains, particularly within the African context, on the polar metabolite profile of eggs. In this extensive study, we conducted an untargeted analysis of the chemical composition of both albumen and yolk from 3 distinct strains of hens—Blue Holland, Sasso, and Wassache—raised under identical feeding conditions. Utilizing gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we meticulously examined amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and other small polar metabolites. In total, 38 and 44 metabolites were identified in the whites and yolk, respectively, of the 3 studied strains. The application of chemometric analysis revealed notable differences in metabolite profiles with 8 relevant metabolites in each egg part. These metabolites include amino acids (N-a-AcetylL-lysine, lysine, L-valine, L-Tryptophan), fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid), and carbohydrates (d-glucose, maltose, lactose). These findings shed light on strain-specific metabolic nuances within eggs, emphasizing potential nutritional implications. The ensuing discussion delves into the diverse metabolic pathways influenced by the identified metabolites, offering insights that contribute to a broader understanding of egg composition and its significance in tailoring nutritional strategies for diverse populations

Untargeted Metabolomics of Tomato Plants after Root-Knot Nematode Infestation

After 2 months from the infestation of tomato plants with the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, we performed a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry untargeted fingerprint analysis for the identification of characteristic metabolites and biomarkers. Principal component analysis, and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis suggested dramatic local changes of the plant metabolome. In the case of tomato leaves, β-alanine, phenylalanine, and melibiose were induced in response to RKN stimuli, while ribose, glycerol, myristic acid, and palmitic acid were reduced. For tomato stems, upregulated metabolites were ribose, sucrose, fructose, and glucose, while fumaric acid and glycine were downregulated. The variation in molecular strategies to the infestation of RKNs may play an important role in how Solanum lycopersicum and other plants adapt to nematode parasitic stress

Etude chimique sur l’isolement et la synthèse des composés acétyléniques de la plante Conyza bonariensis acclimatée au Togo

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Haloacetophenones as newly potent nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita

Acetophenones are a class of aromatic compounds frequently produced by plants as a response to a stress or as a protection reaction against parasites or herbivors. In the present research, we investigated the role of the carbonyl moiety in a series of commercially available aromatic ketones tested for their nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood. Interestingly, we found that the presence of electron withdrawing groups onto the aromatic ring were highly efficient in inducing nematode paralysis and death (EC50/24h between 2.5 and 54.8mg/L and EC50/72h between 2.3 and 65.6mg/L, respectively). Moreover, a chlorine atom in α-position to the carbonyl functionality emerged as a key residue in improving acetophenones activity. In this paper, the nematicidal ability of a series of differently substituted acetophenones is reported and the preliminary structure-activity relationship studies are also discussed. We also performed an in vitro GC-MS metabolomics analysis on the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida, after treatment with 2,4'-dichloroacetophenone (6) at 100mg/L for 24h. The 1-dodecanol and talose were evidenced as the main upregulated metabolites, suggesting a possible V-ATPase dysfunction