Low-frequency cortical activity is a neuromodulatory target that tracks recovery after stroke.

Recent work has highlighted the importance of transient low-frequency oscillatory (LFO; <4 Hz) activity in the healthy primary motor cortex during skilled upper-limb tasks. These brief bouts of oscillatory activity may establish the timing or sequencing of motor actions. Here, we show that LFOs track motor recovery post-stroke and can be a physiological target for neuromodulation. In rodents, we found that reach-related LFOs, as measured in both the local field potential and the related spiking activity, were diminished after stroke and that spontaneous recovery was closely correlated with their restoration in the perilesional cortex. Sensorimotor LFOs were also diminished in a human subject with chronic disability after stroke in contrast to two non-stroke subjects who demonstrated robust LFOs. Therapeutic delivery of electrical stimulation time-locked to the expected onset of LFOs was found to significantly improve skilled reaching in stroke animals. Together, our results suggest that restoration or modulation of cortical oscillatory dynamics is important for the recovery of upper-limb function and that they may serve as a novel target for clinical neuromodulation

A randomised controlled trial evaluating family mediated exercise (FAME) therapy following stroke

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Stroke is a leading cause of disability among adults worldwide. Evidence suggests that increased duration of exercise therapy following stroke has a positive impact on functional outcome following stroke. The main objective of this randomised controlled trial is to evaluate the impact of additional family assisted exercise therapy in people with acute stroke.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>A prospective multi-centre single blind randomised controlled trial will be conducted. Forty patients with acute stroke will be randomised into either an experimental or control group. The experimental group will receive routine therapy and additional lower limb exercise therapy in the form of family assisted exercises. The control group will receive routine therapy with no additional formal input from their family members. Participants will be assessed at baseline, post intervention and followed up at three months using a series of standardised outcome measures. A secondary aim of the project is to evaluate the impact of the family mediated exercise programme on the person with stroke and the individual(s) assisting in the delivery of exercises using a qualitative methodology. The study has gained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committees of each of the clinical sites involved in the study.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study will evaluate a structured programme of exercises that can be delivered to people with stroke by their 'family members/friends'. Given that the progressive increase in the population of older people is likely to lead to an increased prevalence of stroke in the future, it is important to reduce the burden of this illness on the individual, the family and society. Family mediated exercises can maximise the carry over outside formal physiotherapy sessions, giving patients the opportunity for informal practice.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>The protocol for this study is registered with the US NIH Clinical trials registry (NCT00666744)</p

Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys

Although the arrangement of the corticospinal projection in primates is consistent with a more prominent role of the ipsilateral motor cortex on proximal muscles, rather than on distal muscles involved in manual dexterity, the role played by the primary motor cortex on the control of manual dexterity for the ipsilateral hand remains a matter a debate, either in the normal function or after a lesion. We, therefore, tested the impact of permanent unilateral motor cortex lesion on the manual dexterity of the ipsilateral hand in 11 macaque monkeys, within a time window of 60 days post-lesion. For comparison, unilateral reversible pharmacological inactivation of the motor cortex was produced in an additional monkey. Manual dexterity was assessed quantitatively based on three motor parameters derived from two reach and grasp manual tasks. In contrast to the expected dramatic, complete deficit of manual dexterity of the contralesional hand that persists for several weeks, the impact on the manual dexterity of the ipsilesional hand was generally moderate (but statistically significant) and, when present, lasted less than 20 days. Out of the 11 monkeys, only 3 showed a deficit of the ipsilesional hand for 2 of the 3 motor parameters, and 4 animals had a deficit for only one motor parameter. Four monkeys did not show any deficit. The reversible inactivation experiment yielded results consistent with the permanent lesion data. In conclusion, the primary motor cortex exerts a modest role on ipsilateral manual dexterity, most likely in the form of indirect hand postural control

Housing in an enriched environment : A tool to study functional recovery after experimental stroke

Physical therapy and social interactions between the stroke patient and health care professionals or relatives facilitate the process of recovery and promote the improvement of neurological function after stroke. These observations can be mimicked in the experimental setting with the concept of enriched environment. The enriched environment is a housing condition for rodents combining social interactions and sensorimotor stimulation that improves neurological function without affecting the extent of brain damage after experimental stroke. This chapter deals with the concept of enriched housing and performing studies using enriched environment as a tool to investigate mechanisms of recovery after brain injury

Alterações na coerência cortical inter-hemisférica produzidas pela estimulação elétrica funcional (FES) Changes in cortical interhemispheric coherence produced by functional electrical stimulation (FES)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo observar alterações corticais produzidas pela estimulação elétrica funcional (FES), através da eletrencefalografia quantitativa (EEGq). Simultaneamente à captação do sinal eletrencefalográfico, realizou-se uma eletroestimulação no antebraço direito para estimulaç��o da extensão do indicador. A amostra consistiu de 45 sujeitos randomizados em 3 grupos de 15. O grupo controle foi submetido a 24 blocos de estimulação com intensidade de corrente zero. O grupo 1 foi submetido a 24 blocos e o grupo 2 a 36 blocos. A coerência entre os pares de eletrodos F3-F4, C3-C4 e P3-P4 foi analisada ao longo dos grupos através de avaliação estatística. Os resultados apontaram para um aumento da coerência inter-hemisférica após a eletroestimulação.<br>The aim of the present study was to observe cortical alterations produced by functional electrical stimulation (FES), through quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Electrostimulation was performed on the right forearm to stimulate the extension of the index finger. EEG activity was recorded simultaneously. The sample consisted of 45 subjects randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 subjects each. The control group was submitted to 24 blocks of stimulation at a current intensity of zero. Group 1 was submitted to 24 blocks and group 2 to 36 blocks. Interhemispheric coherence between F3-F4, C3-C4 and P3-P4 was assessed through a statistical analysis. Results pointed out to increased coherence values after stimulation

Detection and resolution of genetic loci affecting circadian period in Brassica oleracea

Circadian rhythms regulate many aspects of plant growth, Wtness and vigour. The components and detailed mechanism of circadian regulation to date have been dissected in the reference species Arabidopsis thaliana. To determine the genetic basis and range of natural allelic variation for intrinsic circadian period in the closest crop relatives, we used an accurate and high throughput data capture system to record rhythmic cotyledon movement in two immortal segregating populations of Brassica oleracea, derived from parent lines representing diVerent crop types. Periods varied between 24.4 and 26.1 h between the parent lines, with transgressive segregation between extreme recombinant lines in both populations of »3.5 h. The additive eVect of individual QTL identiWed in each population varied from 0.17 to 0.36 h. QTL detected in one doubled haploid population were veriWed and the mapping intervals further resolved by determining circadian period in genomic substitution lines derived from the parental lines. Comparative genomic analysis based on collinearity between Brassica and Arabidopsis also allowed identiWcation of candidate orthologous genes known to regulate period in Arabidopsis, that may account for the additive circadian eVects of speciWc QTL. The distinct QTL positions detected in the two populations, and the extent of transgressive segregation suggest that there is likely to be considerable scope for modulating the range of available circadian periods in natural populations and crop species of Brassica. This may provide adaptive advantage for optimising growth and development in diVerent latitudes, seasons or climate conditions