Are Menstrual and Nonmenstrual Migraine Attacks Different?

Migraine is the second most common headache condition next to tension-type headache. Up to one fourth of all women have migraine, and 20% of them experience migraine without aura attack in at least two thirds of their menstrual cycles. The current literature is analyzed in response to the question of whether menstrual and nonmenstrual migraine attacks are different. The different studies provide conflicting results, so it is not possible to answer the question firmly. Future studies should be based on the general population. Collection of both prospective and retrospective data is warranted, and headache diagnosis base on interviews by physicians with interest in headache are more precise than lay interviews or questionnaires

Genetics of Menstrual Migraine: The Epidemiological Evidence

Approximately one of every three to five women with migraine without aura experience migraine attacks in relation to menstruation. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition provides appendix diagnoses for pure and menstrually related migraine without aura that need further validation. Probands with menstrual migraine might have more affected relatives than probands with nonmenstrual migraine. However, precise epidemiological, family, and twin data still are lacking

Shear Capacity of Monolithic Concrete Joints without Transverse Reinforcement.

yesA mechanism analysis based on the upper-bound theorem of concrete plasticity for monolithic concrete joints without transverse reinforcement is presented. Concrete is modelled as a rigid–perfectly plastic material obeying modified Coulomb failure criteria. Existing stress–strain relationships of concrete in compression and tension are comprehensively modified using the crack band theory to allow for concrete type and maximum aggregate size. Simple equations for the effectiveness factor for compression, ratio of effective tensile strength to compressive strength and angle of concrete friction are then mathematically developed using the modified stress–strain relationships of concrete. In addition, 12 push-off specimens made of all-lightweight, sand–lightweight and normal-weight concrete having maximum aggregate size between 4 and 19 mm were physically tested. Test results and mechanism analysis clearly showed that the shear capacity of monolithic concrete joints increased with the increase of the maximum aggregate size and dry density of concrete. The mean and standard deviation of the ratio between experimentally measured and predicted (by the mechanism analysis shear capacities) are 1·01 and 0·16 respectively, showing a closer prediction and less variation than Vecchio and Collins' equation, regardless of concrete type and maximum aggregate size

Modalidades de pago de los servicios del Reino de Valencia a la Corona (1585-1604) Pagos directos, pagos delegados

Se analiza las relaciones entre la Hacienda Real y la Hacienda de la Diputación del Reino deValencia en la satisfacción de los pagos de los gastos diversos contraídos por parte de la Corona. Una parte importante consistió en operaciones de endoso, por las cuáles el rey trasladaba el pago de una deuda suya a su deudora, la Generalidad del Reino de Valencia, con criterios de eficiencia, para el pronto pago de los acreedores.The relations between the Royal Treasury and the Treasury the Generalitat of the Kingdom of Valencia are analyzed in the satisfaction of the payments of the various expenses incurred by the Cromw. An important part consisted of endorsement operations, for which the king transferred the payment of a debt to his debtor, the Generalitat of the Kingdom of Valencia, with efficiency criteria, for the prompt payment of creditors

Migraine in women: the role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases

Migraine is a predominantly female disorder. Menarche, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause, and also the use of hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement treatment may influence migraine occurrence. Migraine usually starts after menarche, occurs more frequently in the days just before or during menstruation, and ameliorates during pregnancy and menopause. Those variations are mediated by fluctuation of estrogen levels through their influence on cellular excitability or cerebral vasculature. Moreover, administration of exogenous hormones may cause worsening of migraine as may expose migrainous women to an increased risk of vascular disease. In fact, migraine with aura represents a risk factor for stroke, cardiac disease, and vascular mortality. Studies have shown that administration of combined oral contraceptives to migraineurs may further increase the risk for ischemic stroke. Consequently, in women suffering from migraine with aura caution should be deserved when prescribing combined oral contraceptives

Endometriosis and Headache

Headache and endometriosis show some similarities in their clinical and epidemiological features that are probably due to the influence of female sexual hormones on both disorders. Epidemiological studies indicate that they are comorbid disorders. However, the nature of the comorbidity is not known with certainty, but a likely explanation may be common susceptibility genes. Another possibility is that, because they both are related to pain, increased pain sensitivity induced by one of the disorders may lead to a higher likelihood of developing the other, possibly mediated by nitrogen oxide or prostaglandins. A common link to the widespread use of estroprogestins may seem less probable. For physicians dealing with women with either of these disorders, awareness of the comorbidity may be helpful in the treatment of the patient

Mapping of quantitative trait loci for flesh colour and growth traits in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Flesh colour and growth related traits in salmonids are both commercially important and of great interest from a physiological and evolutionary perspective. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting flesh colour and growth related traits in an F2 population derived from an isolated, landlocked wild population in Norway (Byglands Bleke) and a commercial production population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>One hundred and twenty-eight informative microsatellite loci distributed across all 29 linkage groups in Atlantic salmon were genotyped in individuals from four F2 families that were selected from the ends of the flesh colour distribution. Genotyping of 23 additional loci and two additional families was performed on a number of linkage groups harbouring putative QTL. QTL analysis was performed using a line-cross model assuming fixation of alternate QTL alleles and a half-sib model with no assumptions about the number and frequency of QTL alleles in the founder populations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A moderate to strong phenotypic correlation was found between colour, length and weight traits. In total, 13 genome-wide significant QTL were detected for all traits using the line-cross model, including three genome-wide significant QTL for flesh colour (Chr 6, Chr 26 and Chr 4). In addition, 32 suggestive QTL were detected (chromosome-wide P < 0.05). Using the half-sib model, six genome-wide significant QTL were detected for all traits, including two for flesh colour (Chr 26 and Chr 4) and 41 suggestive QTL were detected (chromosome-wide P < 0.05). Based on the half-sib analysis, these two genome-wide significant QTL for flesh colour explained 24% of the phenotypic variance for this trait.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A large number of significant and suggestive QTL for flesh colour and growth traits were found in an F2 population of Atlantic salmon. Chr 26 and Chr 4 presented the strongest evidence for significant QTL affecting flesh colour, while Chr 10, Chr 5, and Chr 4 presented the strongest evidence for significant QTL affecting growth traits (length and weight). These QTL could be strong candidates for use in marker-assisted selection and provide a starting point for further characterisation of the genetic components underlying flesh colour and growth.</p