Microflares and the Statistics of X-ray Flares

This review surveys the statistics of solar X-ray flares, emphasising the new views that RHESSI has given us of the weaker events (the microflares). The new data reveal that these microflares strongly resemble more energetic events in most respects; they occur solely within active regions and exhibit high-temperature/nonthermal emissions in approximately the same proportion as major events. We discuss the distributions of flare parameters (e.g., peak flux) and how these parameters correlate, for instance via the Neupert effect. We also highlight the systematic biases involved in intercomparing data representing many decades of event magnitude. The intermittency of the flare/microflare occurrence, both in space and in time, argues that these discrete events do not explain general coronal heating, either in active regions or in the quiet Sun.Comment: To be published in Space Science Reviews (2011

Clomazone for Weed Control in Chemical Fallow

A brief background on the reasoning for the application of herbicides on fallow land to control weed infestation is given. Erosion is cited as being one reason. North Dakota didn't use this method due to the increased possibility of crop damage in non-fallow years. Command, clomazone, controls several types of broadleaf and grass weeds. Command is hard on wheat, barley and oats. The methods and results of a 1986 to 1990 study of clomazone and clomazone-atrazine mixtures in fallow are discussed

Differential toxicity of simazine and diuron to Torilis arvensis and Lolium rigidum

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