A note on travelling-wave solutions to Lax's seventh-order KdV equation

Ganji and Abdollahzadeh [D.D. Ganji, M. Abdollahzadeh, Appl. Math. Comput.206 (2008) 438{444] derived three supposedly new travelling-wave solutions to Lax's seventh-order KdV equation. Each solution was obtained by a different method. It is shown that any two of the solutions may be obtained trivially from the remaining solution. Furthermore it is noted that one of the solutions has been known for many years

Observations on the basic (G′/G)-expansion method for finding solutions to nonlinear evolution equations

The extended tanh-function expansion method for finding solutions to nonlinear evolution equations delivers solutions in a straightforward manner and in a neat and helpful form. On the other hand, the more recent but less efficient (G′/G)-expansion method delivers solutions in a rather cumbersome form. It is shown that these solutions are merely disguised forms of the solutions given by the earlier method so that the two methods are entirely equivalent. An unfortunate consequence of this observation is that, in many papers in which the (G′/G)-expansion method has been used, claims that 'new' solutions have been derived are often erroneous; the so-called 'new' solutions are merely disguised versions of previously known solutions

A note on loop-soliton solutions of the short-pulse equation

It is shown that the N-loop soliton solution to the short-pulse equation may be decomposed exactly into N separate soliton elements by using a Moloney-Hodnett type decomposition. For the case N = 2, the decomposition is used to calculate the phase shift of each soliton caused by its interaction with the other one. Corrections are made to some previous results in the literatur

Traditional Methods of Protecting the Infant and Child Illness/Disease Among the Wazigua at Mvomero Ward, Morogoro, Region, Tanzania

Even though child and infant protection against health problems using various methods is as old as mankind, there is limited literature on traditional methods used to protect infant and child in Tanzania. To collect and critical analyze traditional methods used to protect child and infant against health problems in rural settings. Qualitative methods for sampling and data collection on both traditional and conventional methods for protecting child and infant against health problems were used. A total of 203 children of whom 48.3% were females were observed when medical students were assessing infant/children nutritional status. Besides the children a total of 20 women aged 20-48 years; and five traditional health practitioners (THPs) who were purposeful sampled were interviewed. The findings showed two methods were used; and these were traditional/indigenous and conventional methods. The used traditional methods included oral and bathing remedies, abstaining when mother was breast feeding, use of “hirizi” (amulet) for illness believed to be caused by personalistic factors, and herbs for “degedge” (convulsion) and other infant illnesses. Whereas on conventional methods were child growth monitoring; and vaccination against killer diseases to infants and children. The two different methods (traditional and conventional methods) used for protection of the child were not competing; but complemented each other on health care. Parents/guardians and (THPs) were aware some health problems affecting infants and children could be protected by conventional medicine and some needed use of traditional remedies. The problem is hygiene of traditional remedies and proper dosage to infants and children. There is a need to examine critical the used herbal remedies on healthcare in laboratories. These herbal remedies might have some curative elements on health problems currently cannot be treated by conventional medicine

The odour of white bread

Volatile constituents of white bread were investigated. Different methods were used for isolating and concentrating components to avoid artefacts as far as possible. Especially good was enlarged vapour analysis. Ninety-four components were identified, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters as well as nitrogen, sulphur and miscellaneous compounds. The concentration of the main components in the vapour above white bread was determined by direct vapour analysis. The odour threshold values of these components in aqueous solution were determined, and the odour values calculated as the ratio of concentration to odour threshold value to estimate their contribution to the total odour. The Maillard reaction of the cysteine/cystine-ribose system was investigated in a search for components which can be expected in heat-processed food products, and to find out whether during this reaction compounds possessing bread-like odours were formed. Forty-five components were identified, including thiophenes, thiazoles, thiols, pyrazines, pyrroles, amines, furans, aldehydes, ketones and miscellaneous compounds. Possible pathways for the formation of 2-acylthiazoles and of 3-methyl, and 5-methyl substituted 2-formylthiophenes are proposed

Replacing reserve requirements

An examination of the fading significance of the Federal Reserve System's reserve requirements and the recent flowering of required clearing balances, a rapidly growing feature of Reserve Bank operations.Bank reserves

Monetary policy and inflation

Inflation

Defining the monetary base in a deregulated financial system

An examination of how the diminishing role of reserve requirements has made the monetary base a less useful measure of monetary policy than in previous years.Money supply ; Bank reserves