Pharmacological and biochemical evidence for the simultaneous expression of CCK(B)/gastrin and CCK(A) receptors in the pig pancreas

1. In the pig, the secretory response of the pancreas is not inhibited by the antagonist MK329 suggesting that cholecystokinin(A) (CCK(A)) receptors are not involved. 2. Membranes were isolated from the pancreas of 6 Large White pigs to characterize their CCK receptors. 3. The binding of [(125)I]-BH-[Thr, Nle]CCK-9 was dependent on pH, maximal after a 90 min incubation period, saturable and reversible. Saturation analysis of the binding demonstrated a single class of high affinity sites (K(d)=0.22±0.02 nM) and a binding capacity, B(max)=110.64±12.50 fmol mg(−1) protein. 4. Competition binding by agonists and antagonists of CCK(A) and CCK(B)/gastrin receptors demonstrated the presence of two distinct binding components, sites presenting a high affinity for [Thr, Nle]CCK-9, gastrin, PD 135158, L-365,260 and a low affinity for MK329, SR 27897, and sites presenting a high affinity for [Thr, Nle]CCK-9, MK329, SR 27897 and a low affinity for gastrin, PD 135158, L-365,260. 5. These pharmacological data demonstrate the presence of both CCK(A) and CCK(B)/gastrin receptors in the pig pancreas, the latter being predominant. 6. Two distinct membrane proteins (50 and 85–100 kDa, respectively) display pharmacological features of CCK(B)/gastrin and CCK(A) receptors. 7. In pigs, as in calves and humans, CCK(B)/gastrin receptors are predominant in the pancreas

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified. © 2023, The Author(s)