THE BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EMBRYOGENIC CELL LINES OBTAINING AND PLANTLETS OF CONIFEROUS SPECIES IN SIBERIA IN CULTURE IN VITRO

Experiments of culturing the immature isolated embryos and megagamethophytes of Siberian coniferous species were carried out on different modified media: ½ LV medium for Pinus sibirica and Pinus pumila, MSG and AI media (patent № 2431651) for Larix sibirica and Larix gmelinii, DCR medium for Picea ajanensis. For induction of embryogenic callus every species needs the optimized medium supplemented with L-glutamine, casein hydrolysate, ascorbic acid and hormones with different concentrations and their different proportions. The active proliferation of embryonal masses is observed on the same medium with reduced concentration of cytokinins. The proliferation of embryonal masses was significantly improved when they were subcultured after dispersing in liquid medium. The somatic embryos from embryonal masses are matured on basal medium with ABA (60-120 mM) and PEG. In spite of species specificity the embryogenesis of morphogenic structures had the same scheme: elongation and asymmetric division of somatic cells, formation of initial cells and embryonal tubes, development of globular, torpedo and bipolar somatic embryos, embryos maturation and germination. However, not all donor-plants of coniferous species can form the embryogenic cell lines and somatic embryos. The active development of embryonal masses and formation of somatic embryos are observed from zygotic embryo of hybrid seeds of P. sibirica and L. sibirica. The obtained embryogenic lines were characterized by different proliferative activity. During 10 months cultivation the value of embryonal masses in different lines was 140-570 g. The number of somatic embryos varies from 210 to 410 per 100 mg of callus fresh weight. Decreasing proliferation activity did not observed during 24-45 months cultivation. However, development of somatic embryos in long cultivated lines decreased. Maturation of somatic embryos and development of plantlets were established in L. sibirica and P. pumila 50-60 somatic embryos were matured per 1g of callus fresh weight. Somatic embryogenesis passes over the strong genetic control. Only donor tree genotypes with high reproductive potential form embryogenic cell lines and somatic embryos. The maternal affect was very strong relative to paternal and other effects. The studying molecular mechanisms involved in the control regulation of embryo development (embryo maturation, desiccation and germination) allows to understand many aspects of molecular biology of gymnosperms

ИММУНОТЕРАПИЯ ПРИ МЕТАСТАТИЧЕСКОМ РАКЕ ПОЧКИ: ЕЕ РОЛЬ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ КЛИНИЧЕСКОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

With the clinical introduction of targeted drugs, the results of therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) of all prognostic groups as witnessed by the data of randomized trials. Nevertheless, there is a group of favorable prognosis patients (MSKCC) that may use first-line immunotherapy equally with a targeted approach without apparently affecting overall survival. As a rule, these are the patients who have no symptoms of the disease with the primary tumor being removed and the disease is being minimally disseminated. At the same time, how long very rare (1 %) complete remissions achieved by targeted drugs last, whether they can transformed into complete recovery, and how this may be observed in 3–4 % of cases when immune therapeutic options are used in favorable prognosis patients remain to be investigated. Due to the fact that nonspecific therapy involving cytokines fails to overcome fully the phenomenon of immunological tumor tolerance and has limited antitumor activity, the clinical trials are actively studying the efficiency of more specific immunotherapeutic approaches, such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1 monoclonal antibodies, as well as different vaccination types.Thus, there is an opportunity to make the immunotherapeutic approach molecular targeted and to integrate it into a drug treatment algorithm for patients with mRCC. Accordingly, the priority for additional clinical trials is to identify predictive markers of response (or resistance) to immunotherapy that can rationalize and individualize this therapeutic approach.C внедрением в клиническую практику таргетных препаратов значительно улучшились результаты терапии больных метастатическим почечно-клеточным раком (мПКР) всех прогностических групп, о чем свидетельствуют данные рандомизированных исследований. Тем не менее существует группа пациентов с благоприятным прогнозом (MSKCC), в отношении которой иммунотерапевтический метод может быть использован в первой линии в равной степени с таргетным подходом без явного ущерба для показателей общей выживаемости. Как правило, это пациенты, у которых отсутствуют симптомы заболевания, удалена первичная опухоль и минимальная степень распространения болезни. В то же время остается открытым вопрос о длительности крайне редких (1 %) полных ремиссий, достигаемых с помощью таргетных препаратов, и о том, могут ли они трансформироваться в полное излечение больных, как это может наблюдаться в 3–4 % случаев при использовании иммунотерапевтических методов у пациентов с благоприятным прогнозом. В связи с тем, что неспецифическая иммунотерапия с включением цитокинов не позволяет в полном объеме преодолеть феномен иммунологической толерантности опухоли и обладает ограниченной противоопухолевой активностью, в клинических исследованиях активно изучается эффективность более специфичных иммунотерапевтических подходов – анти-CTLA-4-, анти-PD1-моноклональные антитела, а также различные виды вакцинотерапии.Таким образом, появляется возможность сделать иммунотерапевтический подход молекулярно-нацеленным («таргетным») и интегрировать его в алгоритм лекарственного лечения больных мПКР. Соответственно, приоритетной целью дополнительных клинических исследований ставится выявление предикторных маркеров ответа (или резистентности) к иммунотерапии, которая позволит рационализировать и индивидуализировать данный терапевтический подход

Современное представление об алгоритме лекарственного лечения и оптимальной последовательности использования таргетных препаратов

The application of targeted and pathogenetically sound medicational approaches could considerably improve the results of therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC). To date, VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors continue to remain a basic and most effective drug treatment in patients with mRCC and the choice of a drug for first-line therapy is based on the following factors: disease prognosis, a patient’s general somatic state, and the understanding of immediate therapy goals, anticipated toxicity and tolerability.Most patients develop resistance to VEGFR inhibitors within 6–11 months after treatment initiation. The basis for resistance development may be the following mechanisms: activation of alternative proangiogenic signaling pathways, that of angiogenesis-independent progression pathways, a microenvironment-induced phenotypic change of tumor cells to form their resistance to targeted drugs, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in the drug itself during therapy. To overcome resistance to VEGFR inhibitors, there are 2 possible options: 1) switching to a drug having another mechanism of action (the mTOR inhibitor everolimus); 2) that to a more selective and potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor (axitinib) that selectively affects and suppresses the activityof the same targets – VEGFR (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor) 1–3. As before, there is scanty convincing evidence for unique benefits in a particular succession of targeted drugs: a VEGFR inhibitor – a VEGFR inhibitor or a VEGFR inhibitor – an mТOR inhibitor. In a number of cases, the succession of prescribing of targeted drugs may be practically determined by clinical criteria, specifically by the possibility of controlling toxic complications that may be typical for VEFGR inhibitors and may accumulate in case of their successive use. It must be also remembered that VEGFR inhibitors may be successfully reused in patients who have received second- or more line therapy with targeted drugs in different succession.Использование таргетных и патогенетически обоснованных лекарственных подходов позволило значительно улучшить результаты терапии больных метастатическим почечно-клеточным раком (мПКР). На сегодняшний день ингибиторы VEGF / VEGFR продолжают оставаться основным и наиболее эффективным методом лекарственного лечения больных мПКР, а выбор препарата для терапии первой линии строится с учетом следующих факторов: прогноз заболевания, общесоматическое состояние больного, понимание непосредственных целей терапии, предполагаемой токсичности и переносимости. У большинства пациентов резистентность к ингибиторам VEGFR развивается в течение 6–11 мес от начала лечения. В основе развития резистентности могут лежать следующие механизмы: активация альтернативных проангиогенных сигнальных путей, активация независимых от ангиогенеза путей прогрессии, изменение фенотипа опухолевых клеток под влиянием микроокружения с формированием их устойчивости к таргетным препаратам, изменение фармакокинетических и фармакодинамических характеристик самого препарата в процессе терапии. Для преодоления резистентности к VEGFR-ингибиторам существуют 2 возможные опции: a) переход на препарат с другим механизмом действия (ингибитор mTOR, эверолимус), б) переход на более селективный и мощный тирозинкиназный ингибитор (акситиниб), избирательно воздействующий и подавляющий активность тех же мишеней – VEGFR (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor) 1–3. По-прежнему недостаточно убедительных данных, свидетельствующих об однозначном преимуществе той или иной последовательности таргетных препаратов: ингибитор VEGFR – ингибитор VEGFR или ингибитор VEGFR – ингибитор mTOR. При отсутствии надежных биомаркеров для выбора и последовательного использования таргетных препаратов целесообразно учитывать следующие факторы: эффективность и продолжительность терапии ингибиторами VEGFR в первой линии, переносимость и риск развития кумулятивной токсичности, сопутствующие заболевания и общесоматический статус пациента. К сожалению, больные, исходно рефрактерные к ингибиторам VEGFR, остаются резистентными к другим видам доступной терапии. Также необходимо помнить, что у пациентов, получавших 2 и более линий терапии таргетными препаратами в различной последовательности в отдельных случаях возможно повторное успешное использование VEGFR-ингибиторов

Sensitivity Optimization and Experimental Study of the Long-Range Metal Detector Based on Chaotic Duffing Oscillator

Sensors based on chaotic oscillators have a simple design, combined with high sensitivity and energy efficiency. Among many developed schemes of such sensors, the promising one is based on the Duffing oscillator, which possesses a remarkable property of demonstrating chaotic oscillations only in the presence of a weak sine wave at the input. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the maximal sensitivity of a practically implemented metal detector based on the Duffing oscillator and compare its sensitivity with conventional sensors. To achieve high efficiency of the Duffing-based design, we proposed an algorithm which performs a bifurcation analysis of any chaotic system, classifies the oscillation modes and determines the system sensitivity to a change in different parameters. We apply the developed algorithm to improve the sensitivity of the electronic circuit implementing the Duffing oscillator, serving as a key part of a three-coil metal detector. We show that the developed design allows detecting the presence of metal objects near the coils more reliably than the conventional signal analysis techniques, and the developed detector is capable of sensing a large metal plate at distances up to 2.8 of the coil diameter, which can be considered a state-of-the-art result. © 2022 by the authors

A Model for the Development of the Rhizobial and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses in Legumes and Its Use to Understand the Roles of Ethylene in the Establishment of these two Symbioses

We propose a model depicting the development of nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhizae. Both processes are dissected into many steps, using Pisum sativum L. nodulation mutants as a guideline. For nodulation, we distinguish two main developmental programs, one epidermal and one cortical. Whereas Nod factors alone affect the cortical program, bacteria are required to trigger the epidermal events. We propose that the two programs of the rhizobial symbiosis evolved separately and that, over time, they came to function together. The distinction between these two programs does not exist for arbuscular mycorrhizae development despite events occurring in both root tissues. Mutations that affect both symbioses are restricted to the epidermal program. We propose here sites of action and potential roles for ethylene during the formation of the two symbioses with a specific hypothesis for nodule organogenesis. Assuming the epidermis does not make ethylene, the microsymbionts probably first encounter a regulatory level of ethylene at the epidermis–outermost cortical cell layer interface. Depending on the hormone concentrations there, infection will either progress or be blocked. In the former case, ethylene affects the cortex cytoskeleton, allowing reorganization that facilitates infection; in the latter case, ethylene acts on several enzymes that interfere with infection thread growth, causing it to abort. Throughout this review, the difficulty of generalizing the roles of ethylene is emphasized and numerous examples are given to demonstrate the diversity that exists in plants

Эффективность и безопасность эверолимуса у больных распространенным почечно-клеточным раком (результаты российского многоцентрового наблюдательного исследования)

Objective – to evaluate efficacy and safety of everolimus in Russian population of unselected patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma progressing after at least 1 line of anti-angiogenic targeted therapy.Materials and methods. In observational multicenter study CRAD001LRU03 from 17.01.2012 to 31.03.2015 in 43 centers 226 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma with documented progression on the background or after at least 1 line of anti-angiogenic targeted therapy were included. The survey was conducted on all patients according to the practice, everolimus therapy was administered in accordance with instructions to the drug.Results. Objective response rate was 10 %, tumor control was achieved on 69.2 % of patients. Progression-free survival median – 7.8 months. Adverse events occurred in 44.7 % of patients, reached the III–IV severity of 9.3 %, were the reason for the cancellation of everolimus therapy in 2.2 % of cases. The most frequent complications of treatment were pneumonitis (n = 5 (2.2 %)) and anemia (n = 3 (1.3 %)).Conclusion. The observational study confirms efficacy and favorable safety profile of everolimus mTOR inhibitor in the Russian unselected patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma with progression or intolerable toxicity against background of anti-angiogenic therapy.Цель исследования – оценить эффективность и безопасность эверолимуса в российской популяции неотобранных больных распространенным раком почки, прогрессирующим после не менее 1 линии антиангиогенной таргетной терапии.Материалы и методы. В наблюдательное многоцентровое исследование CRAD001LRU03 с 17.01.2012 по 31.03.2015 в 43 центрах были включены 226 больных распространенным почечно-клеточным раком с доказанным прогрессированием на фоне или после не менее 1 линии антиангиогенной таргетной терапии. Обследование всех пациентов проводили согласно принятой в каждом центре практикой, терапию эверолимусом назначали в соответствии с инструкцией к препарату.Результаты. Частота объективных ответов составила 10 %, контроль над опухолью достигнут у 69,2 % больных. Медиана выживаемости без прогрессирования – 7,8 мес. Нежелательные явления развились у 44,7 % пациентов, достигли III–IV степени тяжести в 9,3 % и послужили причиной для отмены терапии эверолимусом в 2,2 % случаев. Наиболее частыми осложнениями лечения были пневмонит (n = 5 (2,2 %)) и анемия (n = 3 (1,3 %)).Заключение. Наблюдательное исследование подтвердило эффективность и благоприятный профиль безопасности ингибитора mTOR эверолимуса у неотобранных российских больных распространенным раком почки с прогрессированием или непереносимой токсичностью на фоне антиангиогенной таргетной терапии

Optimization of rehabilitation measures after artificial abortion as the result of immunomodulator aminodihydrophthalasindione sodium apply in comprehensive therapy

The article presents the results of a comparative randomized study, the purpose of which was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of aminodihydrophthalasindione sodium (Galavit, LLC SELVIM, Russia) in the treatment of patients undergoing an abortion. Included in the study, 48 women were divided into two groups, 24 patients of the main group in addition to the standard rehabilitation were treated with aminodihydrophthalasindione sodium in the comparison group – 24 patients underwent only standard rehabilitation. In this study, all patients (100%) of the main group who were treated with aminodihydrophthalasindione sodium in addition to the standard therapy marked reduction of the clinical symptoms of the disease and positive dynamics was observed at ultrasound. In the control group, the full clinical effect of treatment was observed only in 10 patients (52.6%). 9 women (47,4%) required repeated therapy. Ultrasound studies in 12 patients (63.2%) showed changes equivalent to endometritis

Quality assurance of electrical components for spacecraft on-board equipment

The paper considers the problems of ensuring high-level contractual requirements for single and complex reliability indicators of the spacecraft being designed. An original approach is proposed to ensure the quality of batches of electronic devices used to complete the on-board equipment of the spacecraft. The method of experimental quantitative estimation of coefficients taking into account changes in the operational intensity of failures from various factors, as well as the procedure for their reasonable assignment, is analysed

Current idea of an algorithm for drug treatment and optimal succession of using targeted drugs

<p>The application of targeted and pathogenetically sound medicational approaches could considerably improve the results of therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC). To date, VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors continue to remain a basic and most effective drug treatment in patients with mRCC and the choice of a drug for first-line therapy is based on the following factors: disease prognosis, a patient’s general somatic state, and the understanding of immediate therapy goals, anticipated toxicity and tolerability.<br />Most patients develop resistance to VEGFR inhibitors within 6–11 months after treatment initiation. The basis for resistance development may be the following mechanisms: activation of alternative proangiogenic signaling pathways, that of angiogenesis-independent progression pathways, a microenvironment-induced phenotypic change of tumor cells to form their resistance to targeted drugs, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in the drug itself during therapy. To overcome resistance to VEGFR inhibitors, there are 2 possible options: 1) switching to a drug having another mechanism of action (the mTOR inhibitor everolimus); 2) that to a more selective and potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor (axitinib) that selectively affects and suppresses the activity<br />of the same targets – VEGFR (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor) 1–3. As before, there is scanty convincing evidence for unique benefits in a particular succession of targeted drugs: a VEGFR inhibitor – a VEGFR inhibitor or a VEGFR inhibitor – an mТOR inhibitor. In a number of cases, the succession of prescribing of targeted drugs may be practically determined by clinical criteria, specifically by the possibility of controlling toxic complications that may be typical for VEFGR inhibitors and may accumulate in case of their successive use. It must be also remembered that VEGFR inhibitors may be successfully reused in patients who have received second- or more line therapy with targeted drugs in different succession.</p

IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR METASTATIC KIDNEY CANCER: ITS ROLE AT THE PRESENT STAGE AND PROSPECTS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION

With the clinical introduction of targeted drugs, the results of therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) of all prognostic groups as witnessed by the data of randomized trials. Nevertheless, there is a group of favorable prognosis patients (MSKCC) that may use first-line immunotherapy equally with a targeted approach without apparently affecting overall survival. As a rule, these are the patients who have no symptoms of the disease with the primary tumor being removed and the disease is being minimally disseminated. At the same time, how long very rare (1 %) complete remissions achieved by targeted drugs last, whether they can transformed into complete recovery, and how this may be observed in 3–4 % of cases when immune therapeutic options are used in favorable prognosis patients remain to be investigated. Due to the fact that nonspecific therapy involving cytokines fails to overcome fully the phenomenon of immunological tumor tolerance and has limited antitumor activity, the clinical trials are actively studying the efficiency of more specific immunotherapeutic approaches, such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1 monoclonal antibodies, as well as different vaccination types.Thus, there is an opportunity to make the immunotherapeutic approach molecular targeted and to integrate it into a drug treatment algorithm for patients with mRCC. Accordingly, the priority for additional clinical trials is to identify predictive markers of response (or resistance) to immunotherapy that can rationalize and individualize this therapeutic approach