Prevalence of Arboviruses in Vietnam

For many years, arbovirus infections have been a global health problem and one of the urgent threats to the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population. Climatic conditions, species diversity and abundance of vectors, epidemiological and demographic factors are of fundamental importance for the emergence and persistence of natural foci of arbovirus infections. In the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the most complex epidemiological situation is observed in regard to a number of arboviral infectious diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, inter alia to dengue fever. In this review we analyzed the literature data to identify the features of the circulation of some arboviruses in Vietnam, such as dengue virus, Zika, Chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis virus, Dabie virus, and the routes of their transmission and spread. It is shown that the climatic, ecological, epidemiological and demographic conditions existing on the territory of Vietnam contribute to the spread of pathogens of many arboviruses. Areas of more active circulation and ways of spreading pathogens of arbovirus infections have been identified. Based on the data obtained, it is necessary to conduct annual epidemiological and epizootiological survey of the territory of the SRV in order to identify markers of pathogens and determine the boundaries of natural foci of arbovirus infectious diseases which will enhance and increase the effectiveness of preventive and anti-epidemic measures

Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections at the Urological Inpatient Facility of the Saratov Clinical Hospital

The aim of the work was to study the profile of antibiotic resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in the urological inpatient facility of the clinical hospital in the Saratov city, depending on appurtenance to phylogenetic groups and subgroups, as well as O-serogroups.Materials and methods. We assessed sensitivity/resistance to 25 different antibacterial drugs in 102 strains of uropathogenic E. coli. The studies were carried out using the disk diffusion method. The production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases was evaluated by the double disk method. Carbapenemase output was determined using the CIM test. The PCR method was applied to determine appurtenance to phylogenetic groups and subgroups, O-serogroups, as well as the frequency of occurrence of the mcr‑1, mcr‑2, mcr‑3, mcr‑4, mcr‑5 genes encoding the proteins that mediate the development of resistance to colistin.Results and discussion. It has been established that all strains of uropathogenic E. coli are more or less resistant to antibacterial drugs. All studied 102 strains showed resistance to 23 antibacterial drugs from 8 functional groups. The resistance of uropathogenic E. coli had certain differences depending on belonging to phylogenetic groups and subgroups, O-serogroups. Strains of uropathogenic E. coli with high resistance (up to 100 %) belonged to the B23 phylogenetic group, the main representatives of which are cultures of the most common O-25 serogroup. The production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases has been phenotypically confirmed for 69 (67.6 %) strains. No carbapenemaseproducing cultures were found in the study. The mcr‑1 and mcr‑2 genes encoding resistance to colistin have been identified in 3 uropathogenic E. coli strains (2.9 %)

Unusual congenital polydactyly in mini-pigs from the breeding group of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Novosibirsk, Russia)

The article describes a new phenomenon in the breeding group of mini-pigs at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG, Novosibirsk): polydactyly (extra digits), which is unusual because the additional digits are situated at the lateral surface of legs or at the lateral and medial ones. This anomaly was first found here in 2017 in adult animals intended for culling due to incorrect positioning of the legs caused by flexor tendon laxity and resulting in weight-bearing on the palmar surface of the proximal phalanges (“bear’s paw”). Therefore, the polydactyly of mini-pigs has a pronounced negative selection effect. A visual survey of the livestock was conducted, and a description of the detected anomaly was compiled. The polydactyly in mini-pigs is a stand-alone trait and is not part of any syndromes. Individuals with polydactyly may have extra digits either on pectoral or on pectoral and pelvic limbs. On thoracic limbs, there may be either one lateral digit or a lateral digit and a medially located rudimentary hooflet. On pelvic limbs, only lateral extra digits can occur. Anatomical and morphological analyses showed that the lateral extra digit is an anatomically complete (“mature”) structure, whereas the medial rudimentary digit consists of only a hooflet without other structures characteristic of normal digits. Cytological examination revealed no specific karyotypic features, except for Robertsonian translocation Rb 16;17 previously reported for the mini-pigs of the same livestock. Cytological findings indicated that the polydactyly and Robertsonian translocation are not linked genetically. Genealogical analysis and results of crosses are consistent with a working hypothesis of recessive inheritance of the trait. Overall, the study shows that this type of polydactyly is anatomically and morphologically unique and not typical of Sus scrofa. In this species, only polydactyly types with medial accessory toes have been described and are usually inherited as a dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. In our case, the results of test crosses indicate recessive inheritance of the trait with varying expression and incomplete penetrance, because of which poorly expressed phenotypes are not visually detectable

Cинтез наночастиц Y(OH)CO3 и Y2О3 при использовании жидких межфазных границ и дальнейшая модификация их поверхности палладием

The nano-composite materials with different morphology and structure, including yttrium basic carbonate or yttrium oxide and palladium metal are obtained. The optimal conditions for synthesis of stable nanoparticles of yttrium basic carbonate are defined. It is established that yttrium basic carbonate goes to the oxide at 900 °C. Samples of nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Получены наноразмерные композиционные материалы различной морфологии и структуры, включа-ющие гидроксокарбонат либо оксид иттрия и металлический палладий. Определены оптимальные условия синтеза стабильных наночастиц гидроксокарбоната иттрия, которые при температуре 900°С переходят в соответствующий оксид. Образцы наноматериалов охарактеризованы методами электронной просвечивающей микроскопии, ИК спектроскопии, рентгенофазового анализа, рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии

Evolution of gene regulation in ruminants differs between evolutionary breakpoint regions and homologous synteny blocks

The role of chromosome rearrangements in driving evolution has been a long-standing question of evolutionary biology. Here we focused on ruminants as a model to assess how rearrangements may have contributed to the evolution of gene regulation. Using reconstructed ancestral karyotypes of Cetartiodactyls, Ruminants, Pecorans, and Bovids, we traced patterns of gross chromosome changes. We found that the lineage leading to the ruminant ancestor after the split from other cetartiodactyls was characterized by mostly intrachromosomal changes, whereas the lineage leading to the pecoran ancestor (including all livestock ruminants) included multiple interchromosomal changes. We observed that the liver cell putative enhancers in the ruminant evolutionary breakpoint regions are highly enriched for DNA sequences under selective constraint acting on lineage-specific transposable elements (TEs) and a set of 25 specific transcription factor (TF) binding motifs associated with recently active TEs. Coupled with gene expression data, we found that genes near ruminant breakpoint regions exhibit more divergent expression profiles among species, particularly in cattle, which is consistent with the phylogenetic origin of these breakpoint regions. This divergence was significantly greater in genes with enhancers that contain at least one of the 25 specific TF binding motifs and located near bovidae-to-cattle lineage breakpoint regions. Taken together, by combining ancestral karyotype reconstructions with analysis of cis regulatory element and gene expression evolution, our work demonstrated that lineage-specific regulatory elements colocalized with gross chromosome rearrangements may have provided valuable functional modifications that helped to shape ruminant evolution

Comparative Chromosome Mapping of Musk Ox and the X Chromosome among Some Bovidae Species

Bovidae, the largest family in Pecora infraorder, are characterized by a striking variability in diploid number of chromosomes between species and among individuals within a species. The bovid X chromosome is also remarkably variable, with several morphological types in the family. Here we built a detailed chromosome map of musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), a relic species originating from Pleistocene megafauna, with dromedary and human probes using chromosome painting. We trace chromosomal rearrangements during Bovidae evolution by comparing species already studied by chromosome painting. The musk ox karyotype differs from the ancestral pecoran karyotype by six fusions, one fission, and three inversions. We discuss changes in pecoran ancestral karyotype in the light of new painting data. Variations in the X chromosome structure of four bovid species nilgai bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus), saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), gaur (Bos gaurus), and Kirk’s Dikdik (Madoqua kirkii) were further analyzed using 26 cattle BAC-clones. We found the duplication on the X in saola. We show main rearrangements leading to the formation of four types of bovid X: Bovinae type with derived cattle subtype formed by centromere reposition and Antilopinae type with Caprini subtype formed by inversion in XSB1

Results of a Joint Epizootiological Survey of Transboundary Natural Plague Foci of the Russian Federation and Potentially Focal Territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2019–2022

Consolidation of the efforts in implementation of epidemiological surveillance and control over plague and other dangerous natural-focal infections is an essential aspect in ensuring epidemiological well-being as regards particularly dangerous infectious diseases in the territory of natural plague foci and potentially focal territories located within the borders of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The aim of the work was to carry out a joint epizootiological survey of the transboundary territories of the Volga-Ural sandy natural plague focus and the territory of the East Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) potentially focal for plague over the period of 2019–2022. Materials and methods. Samples of field materials, collected during the epizootiological survey of the territory of Kazakhstan, were studied using bacteriological, molecular-genetic, and immune-serological methods. Results and discussion. We have obtained the current evidence on the spatial-biocenotic structure, the circulation of pathogens of dangerous natural-focal infectious diseases in the transboundary territories of Eastern and Western Kazakhstan. It has been established that the conditions that contribute to the possibility of human infection with plague and other dangerous infectious diseases in case of the aggravation of epizootic situation in the foci or importation of the pathogens into the territory are in place

Experience in Using Mobile Laboratory for Monitoring and Diagnostics in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

The aim was to present the experience of using mobile laboratory for monitoring and diagnostics (MLMD) during the epizootiological monitoring of the northern provinces of Vietnam. MLMD was transferred by Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumers Rights Protection and Human Welfare to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as part of implementation of cooperation programs on combating infectious diseases. The use of MLMD made it possible to obtain new information on the circulation of pathogens of natural-focal infectious diseases on the territory of Vietnam. It also provided the necessary conditions for conducting research using methods of express diagnostics, bacteriological analysis, performing a full cycle of work – from the receipt of samples to the disinfection and destruction of infected material in compliance with the requirements of biological safety in the field. The effectiveness of using mobile laboratories in response to the emergencies of sanitary and epidemiological nature, both to strengthen stationary laboratory bases and to organize diagnostic studies in remote regions, has been shown. The use of MLMD for the diagnosis of COVID‑19 has been an effective component of countering the new coronavirus infection in Vietnam and significantly increased the volume of testing in the country

Synthesis of nanoparticles of Y(OH)CO₃ and Y₂O₃ using liquid interfaces and modification of their surface by palladium

The nano-composite materials with different morphology and structure, including yttrium basic carbonate or yttrium oxide and palladium metal are obtained. The optimal conditions for synthesis of stable nanoparticles of yttrium basic carbonate are defined. It is established that yttrium basic carbonate goes to the oxide at 900 °C. Samples of nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

REALITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL CORRECTION OF «ADMA-ENOS"-ASSOCIATED WAYS IN PREECLAMPSIA

Methylated analogs of L-arginine - asymmetric dimetilarginin (ADMA) and monometilarginin (L-NMMA) - are endogenous inhibitors of endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS). ADMA level in maternal plasma is increased in women with preeclampsia. The high level of ADMA is one of the predictors of preeclampsia. L-arginine increases the activity of eNOS and production of nitric oxide in the ADMA-similar model of L-NAME-induced endothelial dysfunction. ENOS activator (resveratrol), antioxidants, potentiated polyclonal antibodies to eNOS and others agents have been effective in this model. Studies of endotelioprotective activity in other «ADMA-eNOS-associated" experimental models of metabolic syndrome and homocysteine-induced, gipoestrogen-induced sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction in postvaccinal vasculitis have been developed