The study of the sorghum genetic diversity using the mul¬tiplex microsatellite analysis

This study is focused on evaluation of the genetic structure and diversity of the national sorghum collection. Analyzing the genetic diversity of crop species is of great importance for genetic resources management and food security of any country. Huge genetic diversity of sorghum provides a great opportunity to improve the agronomic characteristics of this crop. The efficiency of microsatellite  analysis has been demonstrated in many studies on the genetic diversity of different races and geographical groups of sorghum plants. Development of multiplex PCR analysis systems based on a set of polymorphic microsatellite loci will facilitate genetic tests on a large number of plant samples, thus making the research on sorghum diversity more efficient and comprehensive. A system of multiplex PCR analysis based on 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci was developed to perform single-stage high-throughput screening of cultivated and wild forms preserved in the sorghum germplasm collection. As a result of the microsatellite analysis of 200 sorghum plants, 229 alleles were detected. The studied loci showed high polymorphism. More than 17 alleles were identified in most loci, their polymorphic index content (PIC) ranging from 0.694 to 0.954. The value of the effective multiplex ratio (EMR) in the developed system was estimated at 0.833. The microsatellite analysis of sorghum accessions resulted in obtaining quantized gene expressions profiles, with a DNA profile for each accession, and revealed significant polymorphism among the plants of different sorghum varieties (races). The developed multiplex PCR system was shown to be efficient for evaluation of the genetic diversity and genetic relationships of sorghum plants from different races. The analysis of the obtained data using three bioinformatic techniques, NJ cluster analysis, PCoA, and the Bayesian model-based clustering, helped to classify the analyzed sorghum accessions into cluster groups according to their morphological and agronomic traits

Germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) is widespread among songbirds

An unusual supernumerary chromosome has been reported for two related avian species, the zebra and Bengalese finches. This large, germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) is eliminated from somatic cells and spermatids and transmitted via oocytes only. Its origin, distribution among avian lineages, and function were mostly unknown so far. Using immunolocalization of key meiotic proteins, we found that GRCs of varying size and genetic content are present in all 16 songbird species investigated and absent from germline genomes of all eight examined bird species from other avian orders. Results of fluorescent in situ hybridization of microdissected GRC probes and their sequencing indicate that GRCs show little homology between songbird species and contain a variety of repetitive elements and unique sequences with paralogs in the somatic genome. Our data suggest that the GRC evolved in the common ancestor of all songbirds and underwent significant changes in the extant descendant lineages

Аберрантный ангиогенез в ткани головного мозга при экспериментальной болезни Альцгеймера

The aim was to study the molecular mechanisms of the violation of the structural and functional integrity ofthe blood-brain barrier in chronic neurodegeneration of the Alzheimer’s type associated with the development of cerebral angiopathy.Materials and methods. The transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease is the B6SLJ-Tg line mice (APPSwFlLon,PSEN1 * M146L * L286V) 6799Vas group which includes 9 months aged males. The control group included C57BL / 6 x SJL mice, males aged 9 months.Results. The total length of the vessels in the area of the dentate gyrus is 2.5 times greater in transgenic animal models of Alzheimer’s disease than in animals of the control group (p < 0.01). The average diameter of blood vessels in all areas of the hippocampus is smaller compared with the control (p < 0.05). Transgenic modeling of neurodegeneration in the CA2 zone of the hippocampus increases the relative area of tissue with increased permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) (17.80 [9.15; 36.75]) compared to control (1.38 [0.04; 7.60]) at p < 0.05. A similar difference (p < 0.05) is also observed in the hippocampal area CA1. A tendency (p > 0.05) to decrease the number of CD31+ endothelial cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (21.52 [17.56; 24.50]) in animals of the experimental group compared with the control group (23.08[21.18; 29.84]) was detected. A similar situation is observed in the CA2 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus.Conclusion. Neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus of animals with a transgenic AD model are associated with impaired microcirculation in the brain tissue as a result of a reduction in the diameter and branching of blood vessels, and damage and increased permeability of BBB.Цель – изучение молекулярных механизмов нарушения структурно-функциональной целостности гематоэнцефалического барьера (ГЭБ) при хронической нейродегенерации  альцгеймеровского типа, ассоциированной с развитием церебральной ангипопатии. Материалы и методы. Опытная группа – генетическая модель болезни Альцгеймера (БА) – мыши линии B6SLJ -Tg(APPSwFlLon,PSEN1*M146L*L286V)6799Vas, самцы в возрасте 9 мес. Контрольная группа – мыши линии C57BL/6 x SJL, самцы в возрасте 9 мес.Результаты. У животных с генетической моделью БА в зубчатой извилине гиппокампа  общая длина сосудов в 2,5 раза больше, чем у контрольной группы (p < 0,01), при этом  средний диаметр сосудов во всех областях гиппокампа меньше по сравнению с контролем (p < 0,05). Выявлено, что при генетическом моделировании  нейродегенерации в СА2 зоне гиппокампа наблюдается увеличение относительной  площади ткани с повышенной проницаемостью ГЭБ (17,80 [9,15;36,75]) по сравнению с контролем (1,38 [0,04;7,60]) при p < 0,05. Подобное различие (p < 0,05) наблюдается и в зоне СА1 гиппокампа. У животных опытной группы выявлена тенденция (p > 0,05) к снижению количества CD31+ эндотелиальных клеток в зубчатой извилине гиппокампа (21,52 [17,56; 24,50]) по сравнению с контролем (23,08 [21,18; 29,84]). Аналогичная ситуация наблюдается в зонах СА2 и СА3 гиппокампа.Заключение. Нейродегенеративные изменения в гиппокампе животных с генетической  моделью БА ассоциированы с нарушением микроциркуляции в ткани головного мозга в  результате сокращения диаметра и разветвленности сосудов, повреждения и повышения проницаемости ГЭБ

Plasticity of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Regulation of Angiogenesis

Adipose tissue is recognized as an important organ with metabolic, regulatory, and plastic roles. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) with self-renewal properties localize in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) being present in a vascular niche, thereby, contributing to local regulation of angiogenesis and vessel remodeling. In the past decades, ASCs have attracted much attention from biologists and bioengineers, particularly, because of their multilineage differentiation potential, strong proliferation, and migration abilities in vitro and high resistance to oxidative stress and senescence. Current data suggest that the SVF serves as an important source of endothelial progenitors, endothelial cells, and pericytes, thereby, contributing to vessel remodeling and growth. In addition, ASCs demonstrate intriguing metabolic and interlineage plasticity, which makes them good candidates for creating regenerative therapeutic protocols, in vitro tissue models and microphysiological systems, and tissue-on-chip devices for diagnostic and regeneration-supporting purposes. This review covers recent achievements in understanding the metabolic activity within the SVF niches (lactate and NAD+ metabolism), which is critical for maintaining the pool of ASCs, and discloses their pro-angiogenic potential, particularly, in the complex therapy of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases

Наружные формы рекомбинантного интерферона альфа-2b — мазь и гель в комплексной терапии ОРВИ и гриппа у детей

The review article presents the results of numerous studies on the effectiveness and safety of the newly developed forms of the human recombinant interferon alpha- 2b drug, ointment and gel, intended for the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza in children. Еxternal forms of the drug retain immunomodulatory, antiviral and antiproliferative effects. The dosage form of the preparation of interferon alpha-2b VIFERON® in the form of a gel or ointment allows to achieve a prolonged action due to good absorption, especially the gel, which increases its effectiveness, and also has a moisturizing effect and rarely causes allergies. All of the above properties justify the inclusion of the drug interferon alpha-2b VIFERON® in the form of a gel or ointment in the complex treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in children.В обзорной статье представлены результаты многочисленных исследований по изучению эффективности и безопасности новых разработанных форм препарата интерферона альфа-2b человеческого рекомбинантного — мази и геля, предназначенных для терапии и профилактики ОРВИ и гриппа у детей. Наружные формы лекарственного средства сохраняют иммуномодулирующий, противовирусный и антипролиферативный эффекты. Лекарственная форма препарата интерферона альфа-2b ВИФЕРОН® в виде геля или мази позволяет достичь пролонгированного действия за счет хорошего всасывания, особенно геля, что повышает его эффективность, а также оказывает увлажняющее действие и редко вызывает аллергию. Все вышеперечисленные свойства обосновывают включение препарата интерферона альфа-2b ВИФЕРОН® в форме геля или мази в комплексную терапию гриппа и ОРВИ у детей

Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Affects Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Extracellular Oxidized Cell-Free DNA: A Possible Mediator of Bystander Effect and Adaptive Response

We have hypothesized that the adaptive response to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) is mediated by oxidized cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments. Here, we summarize our experimental evidence for this model. Studies involving measurements of ROS, expression of the NOX (superoxide radical production), induction of apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks, antiapoptotic gene expression and cell cycle inhibition confirm this hypothesis. We have demonstrated that treatment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with low doses of IR (10 cGy) leads to cell death of part of cell population and release of oxidized cfDNA. cfDNA has the ability to penetrate into the cytoplasm of other cells. Oxidized cfDNA, like low doses of IR, induces oxidative stress, ROS production, ROS-induced oxidative modifications of nuclear DNA, DNA breaks, arrest of the cell cycle, activation of DNA reparation and antioxidant response, and inhibition of apoptosis. The MSCs pretreated with low dose of irradiation or oxidized cfDNA were equally effective in induction of adaptive response to challenge further dose of radiation. Our studies suggest that oxidized cfDNA is a signaling molecule in the stress signaling that mediates radiation-induced bystander effects and that it is an important component of the development of radioadaptive responses to low doses of IR

Отдаленные результаты консервативного лечения больных раком предстательной железы II—III стадии

The results of treatment of 170 patients with prostate cancer (T2—3N0—1M0—1) who received radiotherapy or radiotherapy plus antiandrogenic therapy from 1998 to 2003 were reviewed. The mean age was 69,5 year. The diagnosis was verified morphologically (Gl — 146 (85%), G2 — 10 (6%), G3 — 14 (8%) patients). The mean level of PSA was 24 ng/ml. Morphologic characteristics of tumors with defining of their differentiation grade according to Glisson scale were studied in 75 patients. Conformation radiotherapy with three dimensional planning was carried out by linear accelerator. Multipetal collimator was used for figured fields construction taking into account the spread of tumor.The total dose of radiation was 70—74 Gy. Only radiation therapy was carried out to 45 patients, whereas in 125 patients the radiotherapy was supplemented by administration of antiandrogenic therapy with Flucin or Zoladex. For initial assessment of tumor extent and evaluation of the treatment effect, we used transrectal ultrasound investigation (TRUSI) with ultrasonographic angiography. According to TRUSI, capsule invasion was found in 25 (16%) patients, which determines the risk of disease progression. Five year disease free survival in the absence of capsule invasion was 92%, whereas the capsule invasion diminishes it to 60%. With increasing levels of PSA long term results deteriorates: 5-year disease free survival was 80% at PSA level below 10 ng/ml, 72% at PSA level 10,1 — 20 ng/ml and 50% at PSA level higher than 20 ng/ml (p=0,36). Capsule invasion found on TRUSI and US angiography, high PSA level and Glisson sum are indications for administration of radiotherapy with antiandrogenic therapy. Unfavorable prognostic factors are found in one third patients over 70 years old, which demands employment of adequate antitumor treatment. Radiation therapy is an effective treatment for prostate cancer: 5-year observed survival was 86%, corrected survival — 91% and disease free survival — 78%

ОТДАЛЕННЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИИ ТРУПНОЙ ПЕЧЕНИ

Aim of the study was to evaluate patient and graft survival after liver transplantation (LT) and to determine if primary disease diagnosis, early graft dysfunction or other factors affect it. Furthermore, we analyzed the reasonsof short-term and long-term deaths or retransplantations.Materials and methods. 192 LTs from donors with brain death were performed from December 2004 until June 2014. Recipient age varied from 5 to 71 years. Most frequent diagnosis was liver cirrhosis (mainly due to hepatitis C), then hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver graft dysfunction, etc.Results and discussion. 1-year patient survival is 89.5%, graft survival is 87.7%, 3-year –87% and 84.6%, respectively, and 5-year – 83.5% and 83.0%, respectively. Early mortality (in fi rst 30 days after transplantation) was 8%, long-term mortality – 5.9%. Primary non-function graft (PNF) was the reason of 66.7% early deaths. In the long term, infections and oncology were the reasons of death with the same frequency – 36.4%. Early graft dysfunction including primary non-function signifi cantly decreases short term survival (p = 0.0002). Nevertheless, in the majority of cases graft function improves and doesn’t affect survival. Donor factors play role in outcomes: early dysfunction is higher (40.6%) in extended criteria donor group than in standard donor group (р = 0.0431). PNF has the same trend – 8.5% and 0.0%, respectively, but without signifi cance (р =0.0835). 5-year survival is remarkably lower in HCC group 40.8% (p = 0.003) than in other groups.Conclusion: survival after liver transplantation in our Center is comparable with the results of the world’s centers.Цель данного исследования – изучить выживаемость больных и трансплантатов в зависимости от диагно-за первичного заболевания, наличия ранней дисфункции трансплантата, причины летальности на разныхсроках, проанализировать результаты ретрансплантаций.Материалы и методы. С декабря 2004 года по июнь 2014 года в ФНЦТИО было выполнено 192 трансплантации печени от доноров с диагнозом «смерть мозга» 186 реципиентам в возрасте от 5 лет до 71 года. В структуре показаний к трансплантации на первом месте по частоте находился цирроз печени, чаще всего в исходе гепатита С, затем гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома, дисфункция трансплантата печени и другие заболевания.Результаты и обсуждение. Однолетняя выживаемость реципиентов составляет 89,5%, трансплантатов – 87,7%, трехлетняя – 87 и 84,6%, пятилетняя – 83,5 и 83,0% соответственно. Периоперационная летальность составила 8%, отдаленная – 5,9%. Основной причиной смерти в раннем послеоперационном периоде являлись первично не функционирующие трансплантаты (ПНФТ) – 66,7% потерь, в отдаленном – одинаково часто (36,4% потерь) злокачественные новообразования и инфекции. Ранняя дисфункция трансплантата (РДТ), включая ПНФТ, статистически значимо снижает выживаемость в раннем послеоперационном периоде (p = 0,0002). Однако у большинства больных РДТ обратима и в этом случае в дальнейшем не влияет на выживаемость. При использовании трансплантата от стандартного донора частота РДТ была статистически значимо меньше – 21,2%, чем при расширении критериев – 40,6% (р = 0,0431), а частота ПНФТ составила 0,0 и 8,5%, соответственно (р = 0,0835). Пятилетняя выживаемость при трансплантации по поводу ГЦК значимо ниже, чем при наличии других показаний – 40,8% (p = 0,003).Заключение: выживаемость реципиентов после трансплантации печени в нашем центре на сроке до 10 лет сопоставима с результатами мировых регистров

Organic chemistry. History and mutual relations of universities of Russia

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. The review describes the history of development of organic chemistry in higher schools of Russia over a period of 170 years, since the emergence of organic chemistry in our country till now