Trabalho assalariado na agricultura paulista: evolução e importância no período 2004?2014.

Em 2014, do total de 702 mil pessoas com mais de 10 anos de idade e ocupadas em atividades agrícolas no estado de São Paulo, 460 mil eram empregados (permanentes e temporários). Também vale ressaltar que, no período 2004?2014, a população economicamente ativa (PEA) agrícola paulista ocupada sofreu fortíssima redução de 328 mil pessoas (taxa de -3,7% ao ano). E deste total, 187 mil (ou 57,1%) eram empregados. Em virtude disso, o objetivo do artigo é analisar a evolução e a importância desta categoria de trabalhadores na agricultura paulista no período 2004?2014, tendo como base de informações os dados primários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Especial ênfase será dada para os seguintes aspectos do mercado de trabalho agrícola no período em questão: a queda contínua das ocupações na agropecuária; a masculinização da população economicamente ativa (PEA) ocupada nas atividades agrícolas; e o predomínio das relações de trabalho assalariado.Título em inglês: Wage labor force in the State of São Paulo?s agriculture: evolution and importance in the 2004-2014 period

ROLE OF PERIVASCULAR ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND NONATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASES

Perivascular adipose tissue surrounds most large blood vessels and plays an important role in vascular homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that perivascular adipose tissue effects vasodilation and vasoconstriction, which indicates that the perivascular adipose tissue regulates tone and diameter of the vessels. Adipocytokines and chemokines, secreted from the perivascular adipose tissue, apparently have direct access to the adjacent arterial wall by diffusion, or through vasa vasorum. The present data indicate that perivascular adipose tissue plays an important role in atherosclerosis, hypertension. Recently, some studies were performed that examined the role of perivascular adipose tissue in non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases, such as neointimal formation, aortic aneurysm, arterial stiffness and vasculitis. The present review will discuss a role of perivascular adipose tissue in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension and non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases

Адипонектин и инсулин: молекулярные механизмы реализации метаболических нарушений

Adiponectin, the most common plasma adipocytokine, plays a crucial metabolic and anti-inflammatory role. With insulin resistance associated with obesity, an increase of adiponectin concentration, which leads to the activation of signaling pathways involved in the regulation of metabolism, occurs. Currently, adiponectin is being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome, although more research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms controlling its levels. In this review, we will examine the main mechanisms that control adiponectin levels in blood serum and its role in insulin-sensitizing effect, as well as evaluate the potential use of adiponectin and its receptors as a potential therapeutic target.Адипонектин – самый распространенный адипоцитокин в плазме крови, который играет критическую метаболическую и противовоспалительную роль. При инсулинорезистентности, связанной с ожирением, происходит увеличение концентрации адипонектина, что приводит к активации сигнальных путей, участвующих в регуляции метаболизма. В настоящее время  адипонектин исследуется в качестве потенциальной терапевтической мишени для метаболического синдрома, хотя необходимы дополнительные исследования, чтобы понять основные механизмы, контролирующие уровень адипонектина в крови. В этом обзоре мы представим основные механизмы, контролирующие уровень адипонектина в сыворотке крови, и его роль в инсулин-сенсибилизирующем действии, а также оценим потенциальное использование адипонектина и его рецепторов в качестве потенциальной терапевтической мишени

Insulin and leptin: disputable and unsolved questions of their interaction in Obesity

Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed mainly in white adipose tissue. Serum leptin concentration correlates with body mass index, and its levels decrease with fasting. Insulin appears to increase leptin messenger RNA, protein expression and release by adipocytes, both synthesized both in advance and de novo, and reduces the levels of adiponectin and its receptors. According to the literature, chronic hyperinsulinemia increases leptin levels. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on the effect of insulin on leptin synthesis and secretion; cellular mechanisms that control the synthesis and release of white adipose tissue are presented.Лептин и его рецептор широко распространены главным образом в белой жировой ткани. концентрация лептина в сыворотке крови коррелирует с индексом массы тела, а его уровни снижаются при голодании. Инсулин, по-видимому, увеличивает матричную РНК лептина, экспрессию белка и его высвобождение адипоцитами, причем синтезированного как предварительно, так и de novo, и снижает уровни адипонектина и его рецепторов. Согласно литературным данным, хроническая гиперинсулинемия повышает уровень лептина. В этом обзоре обобщены последние знания о влиянии инсулина на синтез и секрецию лептина; представлены клеточные механизмы, контролирующие синтез и высвобождение белой жировой тканью

Features of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis by local fat depots of different localization in cardiovascular diseases

Aim. To determine the features of expression and secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular adipocytes depending on the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD).Material and methods. The study included 86 patients with CAD, including 35 with moderate atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries (CA) (SYNTAX Score ≤22), 22 with severe (SYNTAX Score of 23-31 pints), 29 with extremely severe (SYNTAX Score ≥32). As a comparison group, 52 patients with heart defects were examined. During an elective surgical intervention, adipose tissue (AT) samples were obtained for subsequent cultivation and determination of PAI-1 gene expression and PAI-1 secretion in AT supernatants of various localizations. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0.Results. In CAD, PAI-1 production in all three types of AT and plasma PAI-1 concentration were increased compared with patients with heart defects. Epicardial AT (EAT) in CAD was characterized by the maximum levels of expression and secretion of PAI-1 relative to patients with heart defects and subcutaneous and perivascular (PVAT) fat depots. Moderate coronary involvement (adipose tissue <22) is characterized by the lowest expression and secretion of PAI-1 in all types of AT and plasma concentration of PAI-1. Direct correlations of PAI-1 expression and secretion in EAT and PVAT and plasma PAI-1 level with its secretion in EAT in patients with CAD and heart defects were revealed. A direct correlation between the plasma level of PAI-1 and its secretion in PVAT was found only in CAD.Conclusion. In CAD, there is not only an increase in the plasma PAI-1 level, but also an increase in the expression of PAI-1 gene and the secretion of PAI-1 in all three types of AT compared with patients with heart defects. PAI-1 expression and secretion in EAT, PAI-1 plasma level, and age are predictors of severe/extremely severe coronary involvement in CAD

Reddenings of FGK supergiants and classical Cepheids from spectroscopic data

Accurate and homogeneous atmospheric parameters (Teff, log (g), Vt, [Fe/H]) are derived for 74 FGK non-variable supergiants from high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, echelle spectra. Extremely high precision for the inferred effective temperatures (10-40 K) is achieved by using the line-depth ratio method. The new data are combined with atmospheric values for 164 classical Cepheids, observed at 675 different pulsation phases, taken from our previously published studies. The derived values are correlated with unreddened B-V colours compiled from the literature for the investigated stars in order to obtain an empirical relationship of the form: (B-V)o = 57.984 - 10.3587(log Teff)^2 + 1.67572(log Teff)^3 - 3.356(log (g)) + 0.0321(Vt) + 0.2615[Fe/H] + 0.8833((log (g))(log Teff)). The expression is used to estimate colour excesses E(B-V) for individual supergiants and classical Cepheids, with a precision of +-0.05 mag. for supergiants and Cepheids with n=1-2 spectra, reaching +-0.025 mag. for Cepheids with n>2 spectra, matching uncertainties for the most sophisticated photometric techniques. The reddening scale is also a close match to the system of space reddenings for Cepheids. The application range is for spectral types F0--K0 and luminosity classes I and II.Comment: accepted for publication (MNRAS

Effect of metformin on transcriptome and adipokinome of adipocytes of local fat deposts of patients with ischemic heart disease

BACKGROUND: The information available to date on the effect of metformin on the transcriptome and secretory capacity of adipocytes in human adipose tissue (AT) is scarce and contradictory. The study analyzed whether metformin in vitro modulates gene expression and secretion of adiponectin and leptin in the AT of subcutaneous (SAT), epicardial (EAT) and perivascular (PVAT) localization of patients with ischemic artery disease (IHD).AIM: To assess the effect of metformin at various concentrations (1 and 10 mmol / L) on the level of expression of adiponectin and leptin genes and their content in adipocytes of subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular AT of patients with IHD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 134 patients with IHD and indications for direct myocardial revascularization by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). During the operation, biopsies of SAT, EAT and PVAT were obtained for 3–5 gram, which served as a source of adipocytes. Isolated adipocytes were cultured for 24 hours with and without metformin (1 and 10 mmol / L). After a day of incubation, the expression of the ADIPOQ and LEP genes and the level of secretion of adiponectin and leptin in the culture medium of adipocytes were determined. Statistical processing was performed using the GraphPad Prism 6 software package (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) and Statistica software, 6.1 (Dell Software, Inc., Round Rock, TX, USA).RESULTS: The adipocytes of the EAT and PVAT of patients with IHD were characterized by an imbalance in the adipokine system, manifested by a low level of ADIPOQ expression and a high LEP expression in comparison with adipocytes of the SAT. Metformin increased the level of ADIPOQ expression and its secretion by adipocytes regardless of their location, while a low concentration (1 mmol / L) in adipocytes of EAT had a stronger effect compared to 10 mmol / L. Metformin had a multidirectional effect on the level of leptin in adipocytes, which depended on their localization: both in low (1 mmol / L) and high concentrations (10 mmol / L), the drug reduced the level of LEP expression and protein secretion in the culture medium of adipocytes of the SAT. EAT had no significant effect on adipocytes. In PVAT, metformin increased the expression and secretion of leptin regardless of concentration.CONCLUSION: Metformin has a direct effect on adipocytes in SAT, EAT, and PVAT and is able to modulate their activity, which is a promising strategy for maintaining the balance of adipokines in AT, especially epicardial and perivascular localization