Trabalho assalariado na agricultura paulista: evolução e importância no período 2004?2014.

Em 2014, do total de 702 mil pessoas com mais de 10 anos de idade e ocupadas em atividades agrícolas no estado de São Paulo, 460 mil eram empregados (permanentes e temporários). Também vale ressaltar que, no período 2004?2014, a população economicamente ativa (PEA) agrícola paulista ocupada sofreu fortíssima redução de 328 mil pessoas (taxa de -3,7% ao ano). E deste total, 187 mil (ou 57,1%) eram empregados. Em virtude disso, o objetivo do artigo é analisar a evolução e a importância desta categoria de trabalhadores na agricultura paulista no período 2004?2014, tendo como base de informações os dados primários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Especial ênfase será dada para os seguintes aspectos do mercado de trabalho agrícola no período em questão: a queda contínua das ocupações na agropecuária; a masculinização da população economicamente ativa (PEA) ocupada nas atividades agrícolas; e o predomínio das relações de trabalho assalariado.Título em inglês: Wage labor force in the State of São Paulo?s agriculture: evolution and importance in the 2004-2014 period

ROLE OF PERIVASCULAR ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND NONATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASES

Perivascular adipose tissue surrounds most large blood vessels and plays an important role in vascular homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that perivascular adipose tissue effects vasodilation and vasoconstriction, which indicates that the perivascular adipose tissue regulates tone and diameter of the vessels. Adipocytokines and chemokines, secreted from the perivascular adipose tissue, apparently have direct access to the adjacent arterial wall by diffusion, or through vasa vasorum. The present data indicate that perivascular adipose tissue plays an important role in atherosclerosis, hypertension. Recently, some studies were performed that examined the role of perivascular adipose tissue in non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases, such as neointimal formation, aortic aneurysm, arterial stiffness and vasculitis. The present review will discuss a role of perivascular adipose tissue in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension and non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases

Адипонектин и инсулин: молекулярные механизмы реализации метаболических нарушений

Adiponectin, the most common plasma adipocytokine, plays a crucial metabolic and anti-inflammatory role. With insulin resistance associated with obesity, an increase of adiponectin concentration, which leads to the activation of signaling pathways involved in the regulation of metabolism, occurs. Currently, adiponectin is being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome, although more research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms controlling its levels. In this review, we will examine the main mechanisms that control adiponectin levels in blood serum and its role in insulin-sensitizing effect, as well as evaluate the potential use of adiponectin and its receptors as a potential therapeutic target.Адипонектин – самый распространенный адипоцитокин в плазме крови, который играет критическую метаболическую и противовоспалительную роль. При инсулинорезистентности, связанной с ожирением, происходит увеличение концентрации адипонектина, что приводит к активации сигнальных путей, участвующих в регуляции метаболизма. В настоящее время  адипонектин исследуется в качестве потенциальной терапевтической мишени для метаболического синдрома, хотя необходимы дополнительные исследования, чтобы понять основные механизмы, контролирующие уровень адипонектина в крови. В этом обзоре мы представим основные механизмы, контролирующие уровень адипонектина в сыворотке крови, и его роль в инсулин-сенсибилизирующем действии, а также оценим потенциальное использование адипонектина и его рецепторов в качестве потенциальной терапевтической мишени

SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS CHARACTERISTIC OF KEFIR, AS A VALUABLE PROBIOTIC PRODUCT AND ITS BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

We present new data on the on the microbial composition and properties of probiotic kefir fungi fermented milk drink kefir, namely antikancerogenik, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic and radio-protecting, antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, in wound healing, antimicrobial, and preventable and antiallergic biological effects

Insulin and leptin: disputable and unsolved questions of their interaction in Obesity

Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed mainly in white adipose tissue. Serum leptin concentration correlates with body mass index, and its levels decrease with fasting. Insulin appears to increase leptin messenger RNA, protein expression and release by adipocytes, both synthesized both in advance and de novo, and reduces the levels of adiponectin and its receptors. According to the literature, chronic hyperinsulinemia increases leptin levels. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on the effect of insulin on leptin synthesis and secretion; cellular mechanisms that control the synthesis and release of white adipose tissue are presented.Лептин и его рецептор широко распространены главным образом в белой жировой ткани. концентрация лептина в сыворотке крови коррелирует с индексом массы тела, а его уровни снижаются при голодании. Инсулин, по-видимому, увеличивает матричную РНК лептина, экспрессию белка и его высвобождение адипоцитами, причем синтезированного как предварительно, так и de novo, и снижает уровни адипонектина и его рецепторов. Согласно литературным данным, хроническая гиперинсулинемия повышает уровень лептина. В этом обзоре обобщены последние знания о влиянии инсулина на синтез и секрецию лептина; представлены клеточные механизмы, контролирующие синтез и высвобождение белой жировой тканью

Features of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis by local fat depots of different localization in cardiovascular diseases

Aim. To determine the features of expression and secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular adipocytes depending on the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD).Material and methods. The study included 86 patients with CAD, including 35 with moderate atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries (CA) (SYNTAX Score ≤22), 22 with severe (SYNTAX Score of 23-31 pints), 29 with extremely severe (SYNTAX Score ≥32). As a comparison group, 52 patients with heart defects were examined. During an elective surgical intervention, adipose tissue (AT) samples were obtained for subsequent cultivation and determination of PAI-1 gene expression and PAI-1 secretion in AT supernatants of various localizations. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0.Results. In CAD, PAI-1 production in all three types of AT and plasma PAI-1 concentration were increased compared with patients with heart defects. Epicardial AT (EAT) in CAD was characterized by the maximum levels of expression and secretion of PAI-1 relative to patients with heart defects and subcutaneous and perivascular (PVAT) fat depots. Moderate coronary involvement (adipose tissue <22) is characterized by the lowest expression and secretion of PAI-1 in all types of AT and plasma concentration of PAI-1. Direct correlations of PAI-1 expression and secretion in EAT and PVAT and plasma PAI-1 level with its secretion in EAT in patients with CAD and heart defects were revealed. A direct correlation between the plasma level of PAI-1 and its secretion in PVAT was found only in CAD.Conclusion. In CAD, there is not only an increase in the plasma PAI-1 level, but also an increase in the expression of PAI-1 gene and the secretion of PAI-1 in all three types of AT compared with patients with heart defects. PAI-1 expression and secretion in EAT, PAI-1 plasma level, and age are predictors of severe/extremely severe coronary involvement in CAD

Possibilities of use of food protectors for prevention of adverse effects of tobacco smoke

The article presents some pathogenetic mechanisms of adverse effects of nicotine as a part of tobacco smoke such as carcinogenesis, atherogenesis, thrombogenesis, the influence on functional activity of internals and also a bone tissue and a mucous membrane of a mouth. For food correction of adverse effects the use of a number of ingredients for development of new technologies of functional products is scientifically grounded and recommended. The expected favorable biological effects at systematic consumption of these products are presented