18,897 research outputs found
The Corrected Log N-Log Fluence Distribution of Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts
Recent analysis of relativistically expanding shells of cosmological
gamma-ray bursts has shown that if the bursts are cosmological, then most
likely total energy (E_0) is standard and not peak luminosity (L_0). Assuming a
flat Friedmann cosmology (q_o = 1/2, Lambda = 0) and constant rate density
(rho_0) of bursting sources, we fit a standard candle energy to a uniformly
selected log N-log S in the BATSE 3B catalog correcting for fluence efficiency
and averaging over 48 observed spectral shapes. We find the data consistent
with E_0 = 7.3^{+0.7}_{-1.0} X 10^{51} ergs and discuss implications of this
energy for cosmological models of gamma-ray bursts.Comment: A five page LateX file that uses the Revtex conference proceedings
macro aipbook.sty, and includes three postscript figures using psfig. To Be
published in the Proceedings of the Third Hunstville Symposium on Gamma-Ray
Bursts, eds. C. Kouveliotou, M.S. Briggs and G.J. Fishman (New York:AIP).
Postscript version availible at http://nis-www.lanl.gov/~jsbloom/LOG_S.p
Expected characteristics of the subclass of Supernova Gamma-ray Bursts (S-GRBs)
The spatial and temporal coincidence between the gamma-ray burst (GRB) 980425
and supernova (SN) 1998bw has prompted speculation that there exists a class of
GRBs produced by SNe (``S-GRBs''). Robust arguments for the existence of a
relativistic shock have been presented on the basis of radio observations. A
physical model based on the radio observations lead us to propose the following
characteristics of supernovae GRBs (S-GRBs): 1) prompt radio emission and
implied brightness temperature near or below the inverse Compton limit, 2) high
expansion velocity of the optical photosphere as derived from lines widths and
energy release larger than usual, 3) no long-lived X-ray afterglow, and 4) a
single pulse (SP) GRB profile. Radio studies of previous SNe show that only
type Ib and Ic potentially satisfy the first condition. Accordingly we have
investigated proposed associations of GRBs and SNe finding no convincing
evidence (mainly to paucity of data) to confirm any single connection of a SN
with a GRB. If there is a more constraining physical basis for the burst
time-history of S-GRBs beyond that of the SP requirement, we suggest the 1% of
light curves in the BATSE catalogue similar to that of GRB 980425 may
constitute the subclass. Future optical follow-up of bursts with similar
profiles should confirm if such GRBs originate from some fraction of SN type
Ib/Ic.Comment: 11 pages of LaTeX with 1 figure. Submitted to the Astrophysical
Journal Letter
Electromagnetic containerless processing requirements and recommended facility concept and capabilities for space lab
Containerless melting, reaction, and solidification experiments and processes which potentially can lead to new understanding of material science and production of new or improved materials in the weightless space environment are reviewed in terms of planning for spacelab. Most of the experiments and processes discussed are amenable to the employment of electromagnetic position control and electromagnetic induction or electron beam heating and melting. The spectrum of relevant properties of materials, which determine requirements for a space laboratory electromagnetic containerless processing facility are reviewed. Appropriate distributions and associated coil structures are analyzed and compared on the basis of efficiency, for providing the functions of position sensing, control, and induction heating. Several coil systems are found capable of providing these functions. Exchangeable modular coils in appropriate sizes are recommended to achieve the maximum power efficiencies, for a wide range of specimen sizes and resistivities, in order to conserve total facility power
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Monitoring What Governments “Give for” and “Spend on” Vaccine Procurement: Vaccine Procurement Assistance and Vaccine Procurement Baseline
Background: The Global Vaccine Action Plan will require, inter alia, the mobilization of financial resources from donors and national governments – both rich and poor. Vaccine Procurement Assistance (VPA) and Vaccine Procurement Baseline (VPB) are two metrics that could measure government performance and track resources in this arena. VPA is proposed as a new subcategory of Official Development Assistance (ODA) given for the procurement of vaccines and VPB is a previously suggested measure of the share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that governments spend on their own vaccine procurement. Objective: To determine realistic targets for VPA and VPB. Methods: Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and World Bank data for 2009 were analyzed to determine the proportions of bilateral ODA from the 23 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) countries disbursed (as % of GDP in current US7.61 billion and 0.02% of the GDP of the poorest 117 countries was US$2.88 billion. Conclusions: Adopting 0.02% GDP as minimum targets for both VPA and VPB is based on realistic estimates of what both developed and developing countries should spend, and can afford to spend, to jointly ensure procurement of vaccines recommended by national and global bodies. New OECD purpose codes are needed to specifically track ODA disbursed for a) vaccine procurement; and b) immunization programs
Convergence of random zeros on complex manifolds
We show that the zeros of random sequences of Gaussian systems of polynomials
of increasing degree almost surely converge to the expected limit distribution
under very general hypotheses. In particular, the normalized distribution of
zeros of systems of m polynomials of degree N, orthonormalized on a regular
compact subset K of C^m, almost surely converge to the equilibrium measure on K
as the degree N goes to infinity.Comment: 16 page
Observation of High Momentum \u3ci\u3eη\u3c/i\u3e′ Production in \u3ci\u3eB\u3c/i\u3e Decays
We report the first observation of B→ η′X transitions with high momentum η′ mesons. We observe 39.0 ± 11.6 B decay events with 2.0 \u3c Pη′ \u3c 2.7 GeV/c, the high momentum region where background from b → c processes is suppressed. We discuss the physical interpretation of the signal, including the possibility that it is due to b → sg* transitions. Given that interpretation, we find Ɓ(B →η′Xs) = [6.2 ± 1.6(stat) ± 1.3(syst) -1.5+0.0(bkg)] X 10-4 for 2.0 \u3c Pη′ \u3c 2.7 GeV/c
1. A Brief Survey of Christendom, 500-1100
The towering institution of the Middle Ages was the Church. From birth until death both the highest lord and the lowest serf felt its influence in some way or another, directly or indirectly. After about the year 1000 all men in Western Europe, except for a few Jews and Muslims, were its members. They were expected to support the Church in every way. It was not possible for one with a secular turn of mind to go to the priest and ask, in effect, to have his name erased from the Church\u27s rolls. Even the passing of time was now reckoned from the supposed year of Christ\u27s birth, following the calculations of a sixth century monk. [excerpt
4. The Church\u27s Bid for Intellectual Leadership
We have already noted the Church\u27s claim to teach in all its fulness every doctrine that men ought to be brought to know, and that regarding things visible and invisible, in heaven and on earth. During the Dark Ages it was too busy with other problems to be able to concern itself much with education. While there were sporadic attempts earlier, it was only during the eleventh and twelfth centuries that the Church turned more seriously to the problem of educating its members. This work was carried on primarily in the monastery and cathedral schools. But, because the monasteries of this time were mainly concerned with their own internal problems of reform, and because they were ill-equipped to take care of students who might not be monastically minded, the work of education fell mainly on such cathedral schools as those at Canterbury, Paris, Chartres, and Toledo. [excerpt
2. Rome: Roman Civilization
For our purpose, the importance of the Romans lies in the fact that it was most directly from the ruins of their civilization that our own developed. Therefore, before completing the account of the decline and fall of their empire, we will consider the cultural contributions made by the Romans.
The Romans were not great cultural innovators. During the early republic, they were a simple agricultural people who were isolated from the civilizations upon whom the Greeks had drawn as well as from the Greeks themselves. As they began to expand, they came into contact with the Greeks -- first in southern Italy and then in the Balkans -- and began appropriating from them. But this was not properly Greek (or Hellenic) Civilization from which they were borrowing. It was what is known as Hellenistic, and that requires some explanation. [excerpt
1. The Advent of Modern Democracy
Everywhere there was a strong tendency to modify the concepts of political liberalism into a justification of democracy. By and large, this was not the result of the creation of a completely new political theory. The advocates of democracy tended to justify their doctrine with natural-rights theories from the Enlightenment, with a utilitarianism reminiscent of John Stuart Mill, with deductions drawn from the romantic glorification of the individual, or with appeals to the record of the United States. In general, they took over the concepts of the middle-class liberalism of the nineteenth century. However, the very logic of the liberal position in an increasingly industrialized world forced democrats to advocate the removal of many of those limitations on popular participation in government which liberals earlier had thought necessary. With victory apparently in sight in the years 1871-1914, democracy can be studied through its acts, in the difficult task of putting into practice under widely divergent conditions those general concepts which had been forged in an earlier age. In the process strongly egalitarian institutions were developed which became identified with democracy in the minds of most Westerners. It is in the observations of this process that we can test the definition of democracy as government responsible to the will of the people. [excerpt
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