Inhibition of growth of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B in sous vide cooked meat products is achieved by using thermal processing but not nisin

Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Food Protection. Copyright held by the International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A

ESTRO consensus guideline for target volume delineation in the setting of postmastectomy radiation therapy after implant-based immediate reconstruction for early stage breast cancer

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) rates after mastectomy are increasing. Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) contouring guidelines for target volumes in the setting of IBR are lacking. Therefore, many patients who have had IBR receive PMRT to target volumes similar to conventional simulator-based whole breast irradiation. The aim of this paper is to describe delineation guidelines for PMRT after implant-based IBR based on a thorough understanding of the surgical procedures, disease stage, patterns of recurrence and radiation techniques. They are based on a consensus endorsed by a global multidisciplinary group of breast cancer experts

Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculants, formic acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of wilted grass silage

The efficiency of a novel strain of lactic acid bacteria inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076, E76) on the fermentation quality of wilted silage was studied. Furthermore, the possibility to improve aerobic stability of silages by combining an inoculant and chemical preservatives was investigated. Two experiments were conducted with wilted timothy-meadow fescue herbage (dry matter 429 and 344 g kg-1) using six treatments. In experiment I, E76 (106 cfu g-1 fresh matter (FM)) was applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate (0.3 g kg-1 grass FM) or low rate of formic acid (0.4 l t-1 FM). In experiment II, E76 and a commercial inoculant were applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate. Untreated silage and formic acid (4 l t-1 FM) treated silage served as negative and positive controls in both experiments. The effect of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in experiment I, on aerobic stability was tested by treating silages prior to aerobic stability measurements. The novel lactic acid bacteria inoculant was equally effective in improving fermentation quality as the commercial inoculant. However, the aerobic stability of both inoculated silages was poorer than that of formic acid treated or the untreated one in one of the experiments. The results suggested that antimicrobial properties of E76 were not effective enough to improve aerobic instability. One option to overcome this problem is to use chemical additives in combination with the inoculants.

Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculants, formic acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of wilted grass silage

The efficiency of a novel strain of lactic acid bacteria inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076, E76) on the fermentation quality of wilted silage was studied. Furthermore, the possibility to improve aerobic stability of silages by combining an inoculant and chemical preservatives was investigated. Two experiments were conducted with wilted timothy-meadow fescue herbage (dry matter 429 and 344 g kg-1) using six treatments. In experiment I, E76 (106 cfu g-1 fresh matter (FM)) was applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate (0.3 g kg-1 grass FM) or low rate of formic acid (0.4 l t-1 FM). In experiment II, E76 and a commercial inoculant were applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate. Untreated silage and formic acid (4 l t-1 FM) treated silage served as negative and positive controls in both experiments. The effect of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in experiment I, on aerobic stability was tested by treating silages prior to aerobic stability measurements. The novel lactic acid bacteria inoculant was equally effective in improving fermentation quality as the commercial inoculant. However, the aerobic stability of both inoculated silages was poorer than that of formic acid treated or the untreated one in one of the experiments. The results suggested that antimicrobial properties of E76 were not effective enough to improve aerobic instability. One option to overcome this problem is to use chemical additives in combination with the inoculants.;Esikuivatus vähentää säilörehun käymisen laatuongelmia,mutta voi johtaa siihen, että rehut lämpenevät herkemmin siilon avaamisen jälkeen. Kahdessa kokeessa tutkittiin uuden maitohappobakteerikannan, Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076 (E76), tehokkuutta säilörehun biologisena säilöntävalmisteena. Säilörehujen käymislaadun lisäksi tutkittiin rehujen jälkipilaantumisherkkyyttä eli aerobista stabiilisuutta ja mahdollisuutta parantaa sitä yhdistämällä biologinen ja kemiallinen säilöntävalmiste. Säilörehujen raaka-aine oli esikuivattua timotei-nurminataa, jonka kuiva-ainepitoisuus oli ensimmäisessä kokeessa 429 g/kg ja toisessa 344 g/kg. Säilöntäainekäsittelyjä oli kuusi. Kokeen I käsittelyt olivat E76 yksin (106 pmy/g), E76 yhdessä natriumbentsoaatin (0,30 g/kg ruohoa) tai lievän muurahaishapon (0,40 g/kg ruohoa) sekä näiden yhdistelmän kanssa. Kokeen II käsittelyt olivat E76 ja kaupallinen biologinen valmiste (AIVBioprofit, L. plantarum DSM 4409, 106 pmy/g) sekä yksin että yhdessä natriumbentsoaatin (0,30 g/kg ruohoa) kanssa. Kontrolleina molemmissa kokeissa olivat käsittelemätön eli painorehu ja muurahaishappopohjainen säilöntäaine (AIV2Plus 5 l tonnille). Aerobisen stabiilisuuden parantamista tutkittiin myös lisäämällä natriumbentsoaattia ja kaliumsorbaattia rehuihin siilojen avaamisen jälkeen. Uusi maitohappobakteerikanta tuotti painorehua paremman ja kaupalliseen valmisteeseen verrattuna yhtä hyvän käymislaadun. Maitohappobakteerirehujen aerobinen stabiilisuus oli kuitenkin molemmissa kokeissa huonompi kuin muurahaishapporehun, ja toisessa kokeessa myös painorehu oli stabiilimpaa. Aerobista stabiilisuutta voitiin parantaa yhdistämällä maitohappobakteeri ja kemiallinen säilöntäaine

Lactic Acid Permeabilizes Gram-Negative Bacteria by Disrupting the Outer Membrane

The effect of lactic acid on the outer membrane permeability of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was studied utilizing a fluorescent-probe uptake assay and sensitization to bacteriolysis. For control purposes, similar assays were performed with EDTA (a permeabilizer acting by chelation) and with hydrochloric acid, the latter at pH values corresponding to those yielded by lactic acid, and also in the presence of KCN. Already 5 mM (pH 4.0) lactic acid caused prominent permeabilization in each species, the effect in the fluorescence assay being stronger than that of EDTA or HCl. Similar results were obtained in the presence of KCN, except for P. aeruginosa, for which an increase in the effect of HCl was observed in the presence of KCN. The permeabilization by lactic and hydrochloric acid was partly abolished by MgCl(2). Lactic acid sensitized E. coli and serovar Typhimurium to the lytic action of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) more efficiently than did HCl, whereas both acids sensitized P. aeruginosa to SDS and to Triton X-100. P. aeruginosa was effectively sensitized to lysozyme by lactic acid and by HCl. Considerable proportions of lipopolysaccharide were liberated from serovar Typhimurium by these acids; analysis of liberated material by electrophoresis and by fatty acid analysis showed that lactic acid was more active than EDTA or HCl in liberating lipopolysaccharide from the outer membrane. Thus, lactic acid, in addition to its antimicrobial property due to the lowering of the pH, also functions as a permeabilizer of the gram-negative bacterial outer membrane and may act as a potentiator of the effects of other antimicrobial substances