Identifying Patterns in Health Care Disparities and Barriers to Health Care in Rural Tanzania

Tanzania is a country in East Africa with a population of 55 million people. HIV/AIDs, malaria and nutritional deficiencies claim the lives of many each year across Tanzania. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2013 that approximately 70 percent of the population of Tanzania live in more rural areas where access to healthcare, health education, and medications for these diseases may be limited. The objective of this study was to illuminate significant health disparities in rural Tanzania based on literature and direct observations to identify barriers to quality health care. A comprehensive literature evaluation was completed on reports published on healthcare and health statistics in Tanzania from 1995 to present using Google Scholar and PubMed searches. This information was compared to direct observations, clinic evaluations and pharmacy inventories completed during a two week service program to villages in rural Tanzania. During this two-week trip, local health systems were directly observed and publicly available information about healthcare disparities in the region was recorded. Inventories of major diseases treated, services offered, and medications at two hospitals, one medical clinic and two pharmacies were recorded in the towns of Iringa and Ipalamwa, Tanzania. Despite the need, many rural villages, like Ipalamwa, have no functional health clinic and limited pharmacies available to its people, preventing necessary care. In 2013 in Tanzania, there were 159 deaths per 100,000 people due to HIV/AIDs. Observations made in Iringa and Ipalamwa revealed that despite local pharmacies, antiretroviral therapies are not readily available. The WHO reported that 44 people per 100,000 people die every year from malaria and that in all regions of Tanzania, malaria is a major cause of health services for all ages. Observations made in rural Tanzania reveal that government run pharmacies only offer limited medications for malaria treatment, primarily Artequick (artemisinin/piperaquine), Lumiter (artemether/lumefantrine), and Coartem D (artemether/ lumefantrine). From 2010-2011 it was reported that for children in Tanzania under the age of 5 years old, 13.6 percent were underweight, 6.6 percent experienced wasting, and finally 38.4 percent experienced stunting. Initial observations indicate that rates in rural areas well over 50 percent. Rural Tanzanian locations like Iringa are the highest producing maize regions and diet in the areas observed consists mainly of carbohydrate rich foods, such as corn and rice. Nutrient-rich food groups are avoided or sold for income or because of cultural beliefs. Due to geographic location in rural regions of Tanzania, lack of resources present a barrier to health care. Lack of access to HIV/AIDs and malaria treatment raise concern. Due to the abundance of maize-heavy diets in rural settings, many have an imbalanced diet which leads to nutritional deficiencies and stunting. Despite access to other sources of food, many people do not take advantage due to lack of knowledge and cultural beliefs. Identification of unique issues in rural Tanzania along with specific barriers is critical as this will allow for programs and interventions to be more targeted in rural settings

We\u27re On Our Way : A Hike Song

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/5130/thumbnail.jp

Long-duration exercise at moderate work loads

Metabolic effects of long duration exercise at moderate work loads including tables of heart rate, rectal temperature, minute volume, water balance, and respiratory quotien

Surgical Clinique at Castleton Medical College: Fall Term, 1858

n/

The Pre-Law Introductory Program: A Report

This report describes an intensive four-week Pre-Law School Introductory Program offered in August 1980 by the Justice Center at University of Alaska, Anchorage to potential law school candidates from Alaska, focusing on Alaska Natives and members of other ethnic minorities. Two possible directions for further development of this pre-law program are discussed.Purpose / Recruitment/Publicity / Program Description / Evaluation / Recommendations / Funding / APPENDICES / A. List of People, Organizations, and Corporations Contacted / B. Statistical Breakdown of 60 Candidate

Texas Honey Plants

31 p

Thermal Adaptation and Diversity in Tropical Ecosystems: Evidence from Cicadas (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

The latitudinal gradient in species diversity is a central problem in ecology. Expeditions covering approximately 16°54′ of longitude and 21°4′ of latitude and eight Argentine phytogeographic regions provided thermal adaptation data for 64 species of cicadas. We test whether species diversity relates to the diversity of thermal environments within a habitat. There are general patterns of the thermal response values decreasing in cooler floristic provinces and decreasing maximum potential temperature within a habitat except in tropical forest ecosystems. Vertical stratification of the plant communities leads to stratification in species using specific layers of the habitat. There is a decrease in thermal tolerances in species from the understory communities in comparison to middle level or canopy fauna. The understory Herrera umbraphila Sanborn & Heath is the first diurnally active cicada identified as a thermoconforming species. The body temperature for activity in H. umbraphila is less than and significantly different from active body temperatures of all other studied species regardless of habitat affiliation. These data suggest that variability in thermal niches within the heterogeneous plant community of the tropical forest environments permits species diversification as species adapt their physiology to function more efficiently at temperatures different from their potential competitors

Chinchbug

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311

Control of the stable fly

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311

How every farmer can keep a few bees and have honey at very little cost

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311