Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater Based on Water Quality Index in Imo state, South Eastern Nigeria

Water Quality Index (WQI), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Correlation matrix, Metal Pollution Index (MPI), Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Health Risk Assessment, and Hydrogeochemical facies were used to analyze statistical indexes and hydrogeochemical facies in groundwater resources in Imo state, Nigeria. All across the study area, twenty (20) groundwater samples were collected in a systematic manner. The samples were examined in accordance with the American Public Health Association standard (APHA) method. Findings from the study revealed that WQI, is of poor quality and should only be used for irrigation. Weathering and redox reactions are important in groundwater geochemistry, according to PCA results. TDS and Cl, HCO3 and  Zn, Cl; Mg and Ca, Ca and Na were all found to have a positive correlation in the correlation matrix while PH and K, HCO3 and Fe, Cl and SO4 are found to have a negative correlation in the correlation matrix. The findings show that the items have a weak correlation and that there is no relationship between the two variables. Further MPI, CF, and PLI findings revealed that groundwater is pure, the main source of pollution is geological and anthropogenic processes, and there is no pollution in sampled groundwater. Hydrogeochemical trend revealed that groundwater is Na++K+ > HCO3¯+CO3> Mg+ > SO4> Cl¯ > Ca+. Based on the finding, pre-use treatment of water resources is strongly advised

Hydrocarbon Play Assessment of “Oswil” Field,Onshore Niger Delta Region

Hydrocarbon play assessment of any field involves the evaluation of the production capacity of hydrocarbon reservoir unit in the field. This involves detail study of the reservoir petrophysical properties and geological interpretation of structures suitable for hydrocarbon accumulation in the field as observed from seismic reflection images. This study details the assessment of hydrocarbon play in OSWIL field onshore in Niger Delta, with the intent of appraising its productivity using a combination of seismic, well logs,petrophysical parameters and volumetric estimation using proven techniques which involves an integrated methodology. Two reservoir windows “R1” and “R2” were defined from five wells OSWIL-02, 04, 06, 07 and 12.The top and base of each reservoir window was delineated from the wells.Structural interpretation for inline 6975 revealed two horizons (X and Y) and eight faults labelled (F1, F2, F6, F8, F10, F16, F17 and F18). Five faults (F1, F6, F10, F17 and F18) were identified as synthetic faults and dip basin wards while three faults (F2, F8 and F16) were identified as antithetic faults and dips landwards. Time-depth structural map at top of reservoirs R1 and R2 revealed structural highs and closures. These observations are characteristics of growth structures (faults) which depicts the tectonic style of the Niger Delta. Results of petrophysical evaluation for reservoirs “R1” and “R2” across the five wells were analysed. For reservoir “R1” effective porosity values of 27%, 26%, 23%, 20% and 22% were obtained for wells OSWIL-04, 12, 07, 06 and 02 respectively with an average of 23.6%, while for reservoir “R2” effective porosity values of 26%, 22%, 21%, 24% and 23% for wells OSWIL-04, 12, 07, 06 and 02 were obtained respectively with an average of 23.2%. This porosity values correspond with the already established porosity range of 28-32% within the Agbada formation of the Niger Delta. Permeability index of the order (K > 100mD) were obtained for both reservoirs across the five wells and is rated very good. Hydrocarbon saturation (Shc) across the five wells averages at 61.6% for reservoir “R1” and 67.4% for reservoir “R2”. Result of petrophysical model for porosity, permeability and water saturation reveal that the reservoir system in R1 and R2 is fault assisted and fluid flow within both reservoirs is aided by presence of effective porosity and faulting. Volumetric estimation for both reservoirs showed that reservoir R1 contains an estimate of 455 × 106 STB of hydrocarbon in place, while reservoir R2 contains an estimate of 683 ×106 STB of hydrocarbon in place. These findings impact positively on hydrocarbon production in the field and affirm that the two reservoirs R1 and R2 are highly prospective

Preparedness of Government Owned Dental Clinics for the Management of Medical Emergencies: A Survey of Government Dental Clinics in Lagos.

Background: An emergency is a medical condition demanding immediate treatments.Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge and ability of dental surgeons in the management of medical emergencies and the availability of emergency drugs and equipment in government dental clinics and hospitals in Lagos State.Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study of knowledge and ability of Dental Surgeons in the management of medical emergencies, prevalence of medical emergencies in dental practice and availability of emergency drugs and equipment in dental practice in government dental clinics and hospitals in Lagos State. The study covered 22 government dental clinics and hospitals in Lagos State. Data obtained was entered into a computer and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version-16 data analysis software. Chi Square and cross-tabulations were used for the analysis. A 95% Confidence Level was used and a p-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Of a population of 255 Dental Surgeons on the nominal rolls of all the health institutions, 224 (87%) responded.Of the total respondents, 204 (91.1%) stated they had no emergency kit in their dental clinics (p<0.05) while 158 respondents (70.5%) stated they had no emergency drugs in their dental practice to manage medical emergencies (p<0.05).The commonest emergencies reported was syncope104 respondents (33.8%). 161 respondents (71.9%) claimed they are able to manage medical emergencies encountered in their dental practice if kits and drugs are available.Conclusion: The findings of the study show that government dental clinics/hospital in Lagos seem not to be adequately prepared to manage medical emergency. Although 71.9% of the dentist claimed they could mange such emergencies should they arise 91.1% and 70% of the respondent claimed they and no emergency kits and drugs to manage such emergencies in their hospital respectively should they arise.Keywords: Medical Emergencies and dental clinics

Pod Surface Characteristics in Wild and Cultivated Vigna Species and Resistance to the Coreid Bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal. (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

Several Vigna species were used to determine the role of pod trichomes and pod toughness in the resistance of cowpea to feeding damage by the coreid bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal. The scanning electron microscopy study revealed the presence of glandular and non-glandular trichomes on the pod wall of all test genotypes. The cultivated genotypes TVu 1890, TVu 3354 and IT84S-2246 of the V. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata showed significantly lower (P0.05) densité et longueur des poils sans glandes. Les deux variétés sauvages TVnu 151 et TVnu 707 de l'espèce V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana ainsi que le temoin sensible IT84S-2246 ont montré les parois les moins dures et subi les plus grands dégâts, contrastant avec les variétés TVu 1890 et TVu 3354 qui, avec les parois les plus dures, n'ont subi que de faibles dégâts. Le temoin resistant TVnu 72 de l'espèce V. vexillata a enregistré les plus faibles dégâts bien que possédant les parois les moins dures. Nos resultats suggèrent qu'une resistance plus accrue du niébé contre C. tomentosicollis pourrait être obtenue en combinant la durété des parois des gousses avec une densité élevée de poils à glandes dans les variétés cultivées