886 research outputs found
Localizing gravitational wave sources with optical telescopes and combining electromagnetic and gravitational wave data
Neutron star binaries, which are among the most promising sources for the
direct detection of gravitational waves (GW) by ground based detectors, are
also potential electromagnetic (EM) emitters. Gravitational waves will provide
a new window to observe these events and hopefully give us glimpses of new
astrophysics. In this paper, we discuss how EM information of these events can
considerably improve GW parameter estimation both in terms of accuracy and
computational power requirement. And then in return how GW sky localization can
help EM astronomers in follow-up studies of sources which did not yield any
prompt emission. We discuss how both EM source information and GW source
localization can be used in a framework of multi-messenger astronomy. We
illustrate how the large error regions in GW sky localizations can be handled
in conducting optical astronomy in the advance detector era. We show some
preliminary results in the context of an array of optical telescopes called
BlackGEM, dedicated for optical follow-up of GW triggers, that is being
constructed in La Silla, Chile and is expected to operate concurrent to the
advanced GW detectors.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Proceeding for Sant Cugat Forum for Astrophysic
The host galaxy of GRB010222: The strongest damped Lyman-alpha system known
Analysis of the absorption lines in the afterglow spectrum of the gamma-ray
burst GRB010222 indicates that its host galaxy (at a redshift of z=1.476) is
the strongest damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) system known, having a very low
metallicity and modest dust content. This conclusion is based on the detection
of the red wing of Lyman-alpha plus a comparison of the equivalent widths of
ultraviolet Mg I, Mg II, and Fe II lines with those in other DLAs. The column
density of H I, deduced from a fit to the wing of Lyman-alpha, is (5 +/- 2)
10^22 cm^-2. The ratio of the column densities of Zn and Cr lines suggests that
the dust content in our line of sight through the galaxy is low. This could be
due to either dust destruction by the ultraviolet emission of the afterglow or
to an initial dust composition different to that of the diffuse interstellar
material, or a combination of both.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS 12 page
SCUBA Observations of the Host Galaxies of Gamma-Ray Bursts
In recent years, a population of galaxies with huge infrared luminosities and dust masses has been discovered in the submillimetre. Observations suggest that the AGN contribution to the luminosities of these submillimetre-selected galaxies is low; instead their luminosities are thought to be mainly due to strong episodes of star formation following merger events. Our current understanding of GRBs as the endpoints in the life of massive stars suggest that they will be located in such galaxies.We have observed a sample of well-located GRB host galaxies in the submillimetre. Comparing the results with the general submillimetre-selected galaxy population, we find that at low fluxes (S850 ≤ 4 mJy), the two agree well. However, there is a lack of bright GRB hosts in the submillimetre. This finding is reinforced when the results of other groups are included. Possible explanations are discussed. These results help us assess the roles of both GRB host galaxies and submillimetre-selected galaxies in the evolution of the Universe
SCUBA observations of the host galaxies of four dark gamma-ray bursts
We present the results of a search for submillimetre-luminous host galaxies
of optically dark gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) using the Submillimetre Common-User
Bolometer Array (SCUBA) on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). We made
photometry measurements of the 850-micron flux at the location of four `dark
bursts', which are those with no detected optical afterglow despite rapid deep
searches, and which may therefore be within galaxies containing substantial
amounts of dust. We were unable to detect any individual source significantly.
Our results are consistent with predictions for the host galaxy population as a
whole, rather than for a subset of dusty hosts. This indicates that optically
dark GRBs are not especially associated with very submillimetre-luminous
galaxies and so cannot be used as reliable indicators of dust-enshrouded
massive star-formation activity. Further observations are required to establish
the relationship between the wider GRB host galaxy population and SCUBA
galaxies.Comment: 6 pages. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Gas and dust properties in the afterglow spectra of GRB 050730
We present early WHT ISIS optical spectroscopy of the afterglow of gamma-ray
burst GRB 050730. The spectrum shows a DLA system with the highest measured
hydrogen column to date: N(HI) = 22.1 +/- 0.1 at the third-highest GRB redshift
z = 3.968. Our analysis of the Swift XRT X-ray observations of the early
afterglow show X-ray flares accompanied by decreasing X-ray absorption. From
both the optical and the X-ray spectra we constrain the dust and gas properties
of the host galaxy. We find the host to be a low metallicity galaxy, with low
dust content. Much of the X-ray absorbing gas is situated close to the GRB,
whilst the HI absorption causing the DLA is most likely located further out.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for A&A Letter
The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - II. Kinematics
We present a detailed kinematic analysis of the outer halo globular cluster
(GC) system of M31. Our basis for this is a set of new spectroscopic
observations for 78 clusters lying at projected distances between Rproj ~20-140
kpc from the M31 centre. These are largely drawn from the recent PAndAS
globular cluster catalogue; 63 of our targets have no previous velocity data.
Via a Bayesian maximum likelihood analysis we find that GCs with Rproj > 30 kpc
exhibit coherent rotation around the minor optical axis of M31, in the same
direction as more centrally- located GCs, but with a smaller amplitude of
86+/-17 km s-1. There is also evidence that the velocity dispersion of the
outer halo GC system decreases as a function of projected distance from the M31
centre, and that this relation can be well described by a power law of index ~
-0.5. The velocity dispersion profile of the outer halo GCs is quite similar to
that of the halo stars, at least out to the radius up to which there is
available information on the stellar kinematics. We detect and discuss various
velocity correlations amongst subgroups of GCs that lie on stellar debris
streams in the M31 halo. Many of these subgroups are dynamically cold,
exhibiting internal velocity dispersions consistent with zero. Simple Monte
Carlo experiments imply that such configurations are unlikely to form by
chance, adding weight to the notion that a significant fraction of the outer
halo GCs in M31 have been accreted alongside their parent dwarf galaxies. We
also estimate the M31 mass within 200 kpc via the Tracer Mass Estimator,
finding (1.2 - 1.6) +/- 0.2 10^{12}M_sun. This quantity is subject to
additional systematic effects due to various limitations of the data, and
assumptions built in into the TME. Finally, we discuss our results in the
context of formation scenarios for the M31 halo.Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables; Accepted for publication in MNRA
A trio of new Local Group galaxies with extreme properties
We report on the discovery of three new dwarf galaxies in the Local Group.
These galaxies are found in new CFHT/MegaPrime g,i imaging of the south-western
quadrant of M31, extending our extant survey area to include the majority of
the southern hemisphere of M31's halo out to 150 kpc. All these galaxies have
stellar populations which appear typical of dwarf spheroidal (dSph) systems.
The first of these galaxies, Andromeda XVIII, is the most distant Local Group
dwarf discovered in recent years, at ~1.4 Mpc from the Milky Way (~ 600 kpc
from M31). The second galaxy, Andromeda XIX, a satellite of M31, is the most
extended dwarf galaxy known in the Local Group, with a half-light radius of r_h
~ 1.7 kpc. This is approximately an order of magnitude larger than the typical
half-light radius of many Milky Way dSphs, and reinforces the difference in
scale sizes seen between the Milky Way and M31 dSphs (such that the M31 dwarfs
are generally more extended than their Milky Way counterparts). The third
galaxy, Andromeda XX, is one of the faintest galaxies so far discovered in the
vicinity of M31, with an absolute magnitude of order M_V ~ -6.3. Andromeda
XVIII, XIX and XX highlight different aspects of, and raise important questions
regarding, the formation and evolution of galaxies at the extreme faint-end of
the luminosity function. These findings indicate that we have not yet sampled
the full parameter space occupied by dwarf galaxies, although this is an
essential pre-requisite for successfully and consistently linking these systems
to the predicted cosmological dark matter sub-structure.Comment: 32 pages, 7 figures (ApJ preprint format). Accepted for publication
in Ap
Evidence for a supernova in reanalyzed optical and near-infrared images of GRB970228
We present B-, V-, R_c-, I_c-, J-, H-, K- and K'-band observations of the
optical transient (OT) associated with GRB970228, based on a reanalysis of
previously used images and unpublished data. In order to minimize calibration
differences we have collected and analyzed most of the photometry and
consistently determined the magnitude of the OT relative to a set of secondary
field stars. We confirm our earlier finding that the early decay of the light
curves (before March 6, 1997) was faster than that at intermediate times
(between March 6 and April 7, 1997). At late times the light curves resume a
fast decay (after April 7, 1997). The early-time observations of GRB970228 are
consistent with relativistic blast-wave models but the intermediate- and
late-time observations are hard to understand in this framework. The
observations are well explained by an initial power law decay with index -1.73
+0.09 -0.12 modified at later times by a type-I_c supernova light curve.
Together with the evidence for GRB980326 and GRB980425 this gives further
support for the idea that at least some GRBs are associated with a possibly
rare type of supernova.Comment: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal, 9 pages including 3 figures,
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