Field measurements of trace gases and aerosols emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Nino

Abstract. Peat fires in Southeast Asia have become a major annual source of trace gases and particles to the regional–global atmosphere. The assessment of their influence on atmospheric chemistry, climate, air quality, and health has been uncertain partly due to a lack of field measurements of the smoke characteristics. During the strong 2015 El Niño event we deployed a mobile smoke sampling team in the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan on the island of Borneo and made the first, or rare, field measurements of trace gases, aerosol optical properties, and aerosol mass emissions for authentic peat fires burning at various depths in different peat types. This paper reports the trace gas and aerosol measurements obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, whole air sampling, photoacoustic extinctiometers (405 and 870 nm), and a small subset of the data from analyses of particulate filters. The trace gas measurements provide emission factors (EFs; grams of a compound per kilogram biomass burned) for up to  ∼  90 gases, including CO2, CO, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons up to C10, 15 oxygenated organic compounds, NH3, HCN, NOx, OCS, HCl, etc. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of the smoke sources ranged from 0.693 to 0.835 with an average of 0.772 ± 0.053 (n  =  35), indicating essentially pure smoldering combustion, and the emissions were not initially strongly lofted. The major trace gas emissions by mass (EF as g kg−1) were carbon dioxide (1564 ± 77), carbon monoxide (291 ± 49), methane (9.51 ± 4.74), hydrogen cyanide (5.75 ± 1.60), acetic acid (3.89 ± 1.65), ammonia (2.86 ± 1.00), methanol (2.14 ± 1.22), ethane (1.52 ± 0.66), dihydrogen (1.22 ± 1.01), propylene (1.07 ± 0.53), propane (0.989 ± 0.644), ethylene (0.961 ± 0.528), benzene (0.954 ± 0.394), formaldehyde (0.867 ± 0.479), hydroxyacetone (0.860 ± 0.433), furan (0.772 ± 0.035), acetaldehyde (0.697 ± 0.460), and acetone (0.691 ± 0.356). These field data support significant revision of the EFs for CO2 (−8 %), CH4 (−55 %), NH3 (−86 %), CO (+39 %), and other gases compared with widely used recommendations for tropical peat fires based on a lab study of a single sample published in 2003. BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) are important air toxics and aerosol precursors and were emitted in total at 1.5 ± 0.6 g kg−1. Formaldehyde is probably the air toxic gas most likely to cause local exposures that exceed recommended levels. The field results from Kalimantan were in reasonable agreement with recent lab measurements of smoldering Kalimantan peat for “overlap species,” lending importance to the lab finding that burning peat produces large emissions of acetamide, acrolein, methylglyoxal, etc., which were not measurable in the field with the deployed equipment and implying value in continued similar efforts. The aerosol optical data measured include EFs for the scattering and absorption coefficients (EF Bscat and EF Babs, m2 kg−1 fuel burned) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) at 870 and 405 nm, as well as the absorption Ångström exponents (AAE). By coupling the absorption and co-located trace gas and filter data we estimated black carbon (BC) EFs (g kg−1) and the mass absorption coefficient (MAC, m2 g−1) for the bulk organic carbon (OC) due to brown carbon (BrC). Consistent with the minimal flaming, the emissions of BC were negligible (0.0055 ± 0.0016 g kg−1). Aerosol absorption at 405 nm was  ∼  52 times larger than at 870 nm and BrC contributed  ∼  96 % of the absorption at 405 nm. Average AAE was 4.97 ± 0.65 (range, 4.29–6.23). The average SSA at 405 nm (0.974 ± 0.016) was marginally lower than the average SSA at 870 nm (0.998 ± 0.001). These data facilitate modeling climate-relevant aerosol optical properties across much of the UV/visible spectrum and the high AAE and lower SSA at 405 nm demonstrate the dominance of absorption by the organic aerosol. Comparing the Babs at 405 nm to the simultaneously measured OC mass on filters suggests a low MAC ( ∼  0.1) for the bulk OC, as expected for the low BC/OC ratio in the aerosol. The importance of pyrolysis (at lower MCE), as opposed to glowing (at higher MCE), in producing BrC is seen in the increase of AAE with lower MCE (r2 =  0.65)

Peran Brand Image dalam Memediasi Pengaruh Celebrity Endorser terhadap Niat Beli

Topics covered in this study is how the influence of celebrity endorser and brand image on purchase intention Nike Kobe basketball shoes and how the role of brand image in mediating influence on purchase intention of celebrity endorser Nike Kobe basketball shoes. Total respondents were 110 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Data obtained by distributing questionnaires that measured with Likert scale and analyzed using path analysis (path analysis) to determine the direct effect of variable celebrity endorser of the brand image, variable celebrity endorser on purchase intention and brand image of the variable purchase intention. This study also accompanied by Sobel test to determine the effect of indirect variable in mediating the effects of brand image on purchase intention of celebrity endorser. The results of this study indicate that the celebrity endorser significant positive effect on brand image, celebrity endorser significant positive effect on purchase intention, brand image significant positive effect on purchase intention and brand image mediate the effect of celebrity endorser that impact increased intention to buy the product. So it can be concluded that the celebrity endorser and brand image can affect purchase intentions Nike Kobe basketball shoes

Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Jasa terhadap Kepuasan dan Loyalitas Nasabah pada PT Pegadaian (Persero) Cabang Mengwi Badung

This study was conducted in order to know the influence of marketing mix consists of product, price, promotion, place, people, physical evidence, and process satisfaction and customer loyalty at PT. Pegadaian Cabang Mengwi, Badung, Bali. 100 customers were sampled in the study by distributing questionnaires as data collection techniques. Path analysis as an analytical technique used in this study. Discovery gives results that there is significant influence of the marketing mix consisting of product, price, promotion, place, people, physical evidence, and process simultaneously and partially on customer satisfaction and loyalty at PT. Pegadaian Cabang Mengwi, Badung

Bahan Ajar Alat Ukur Dan Pengukuran Fisika Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing

: This research to determine the feasibility, effectiveness of teaching materials measuring instrument and measurement physics in increasing science process skills and mastery of concepts students. The research design using the design development of Borg & Gall. The effectiveness of teaching materials tested under 2 steps, before the mid-term exam and final exam of the semester. The research showed that the teaching materials of measurement and instrument measurement of physics-based guided inquiry developed,: 1) is under fairly feasible category to be implemented, 2) adequates to improve the process science skills of students, 3) improves mastery of concepts. Step one indicates the presence of correlation between science process skills and mastery concept of the students. The next step shows no correlation between them

Mencari Akar Munculnya Terorisme Islam Di Indonesia

The aim of this research is to find out the answer of the root effect of Islam terrorism rising inIndonesia. Previous findings show that Islam terorism is rising as a counter of Westdominance. This finding broke the assumption that the Islam terrorism rising because of theclash of two civilization, Islam and the West. Terrorism in Middle East shows the negativeresponse as the West intervention and domination. The situation happened in Middle East isdifference from what happened in Indonesia. Besides inter religion conflict, intervention fromAmerica to Indonesia also become one of the reason. The next research is needed to find outthe truly root of the Islam terrorism rising in Indonesia. This research is collected data byfocus group discussion and interview with 40 inmates and former terrorist inmates. Theresult shows that the rising of terorism in Indonesia happened for three reasons such asconflict condition, the bad social condition, and taken away of economic and political accessof the Muslims in Indonesia

Simulasi Alat Elektrostimulator Akupuntur Berbasis Mikrokontroler Atmega16

Elektrostimulator combined in acupunture therapy to provide the stimulation of electric energy at the point of the meridians of the body. Granting the power to create a balance of energy (chi) in the body. In administering the energy must pay attention to the voltage waveform, intensity, frequency and timing of stimuli. The purpose of this research is to change the system tools from analog into digital by changing the settings of the timer and frequency using the keypad that is controlled using the Microcontroller ATMega16. Specifications of the simulation tool elektrostimulator acupunture designed include the frequency setting of 5-100Hz, setting the intensity of a voltage 0 timer setting until 25Vac 60 minutes and has a spike waveform mode continou and electrodes used floating types. The test result show that simulated acupunture elektrostimulator tool result obtained in accordance with the compliance with the specifications but there is little the percentage error of frequency deviation i.e. 0.47% deviation of the timer of 0.29%, intensity of the voltage deviation of 0.073 % and waveform was nearing the same against his theory

Pemodelan Kedudukan Government Chief Information Officer Indonesia

Survei Peringkat e-Government Indonesia (PeGI) menunjukan Indonesia perlu membenahi kelembagaannya, menempatkan GCIO pada kedudukan yang tepat dan kuat menjalankan perannya mengembangkan e-Government, tetapi Indonesia belum mempunyai rancangan kedudukan GCIO baku dalam struktur pemerintahan, akibatnya tiap institusi pemerintah menyusun rancangan sendiri berdasar kondisi eksisting dan kebutuhan masing-masing. Kondisi ini menyebabkan peran strategis koordinasi lintas sektoral GCIO sulit terwujud. Langkah penyelesaiannya adalah menyusun standardisasi kedudukan GCIO dalam Pemerintahan Indonesia sehinga membentuk suatu keragaman optimal mendukung peran strategis dan operasional GCIO Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Kualitatif dengan Focus Group Discussion untuk memodelkan kelembagaan dan kedudukan GCIO dalam struktur pemerintahan Indonesia. Hasilnya adalah usulan model kedudukan GCIO pada struktur Pemerintahan Indonesia, pada jenjang nasional diusulkan CIO adalah Kementerian Koordinator dengan Kominfo dan Kemenpan Reformasi Birokrasi sebagai lini koordinasinya, sedangkan untuk Pemerintah Pusat diusulkan CIO bekedudukan sebagai wakil menteri pada setiap kementerian, dan pada Pemerintah Daerah CIO diusulkan melekat pada Sekretaris Daerah

Response to a rabies epidemic in Bali, Indonesia

Emergency vaccinations and culling failed to contain an outbreak of rabies in Bali, Indonesia, during 2008–2009. Subsequent island-wide mass vaccination (reaching 70% coverage, >200,000 dogs) led to substantial declines in rabies incidence and spread. However, the incidence of dog bites remains high, and repeat campaigns are necessary to eliminate rabies in Bali

Peran Sikap Dalam Memediasi Hubungan Antara Harga Dengan Niat Beli Smartphone Merek Samsung

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of price toward product purchase intentions of Samsung Smartphone with attitude variable as mediating variable, study in adolescents in the city of Denpasar. Variables examined in this study is price, attitudes and purchase intention. Samples are taken as many as 100 adolescents, using non-probability sampling method in the form of purposive sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires. The analysis technique used is the Sobel test by using path analysis. Based on the analysis found that the price variable have positive and not significant to the purchase intention, the price variable have positive and significant impact to the attitudes on Samsung Smartphone product, variable attitude have positive and significant impact on the product purchase intentions, attitude variables mediate the effect of price on purchase intention Samsung Smartphone products in adolescents in the city of Denpasar