Gambaran Asertivitas Pada Perempuan Yang Pernah Mengalami Kekerasan Dalam Pacaran

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan menemukan makna terdalam mengenai gambaran asertivitas pada perempuan yang pernah mengalami kekerasan dalam pacaran.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Subjek dalam penelitian adalah tiga orang perempuan yang mengalami kekerasan dalam pacaran. Proses pemilihan subjek penelitian dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan observasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subjek baru pertama kalinya mengalami kekerasan dalam pacaran.Subjek mengalami kekerasan dalam bentuk fisik, verbal dan emosional serta seksual. Subjek juga merasakan dampak dari kekerasan yang dialami baik secara fisik, psikis, sosial, dan seksual. Seiring berjalannya hubungan berpacaran yang diliputi dengan tindakan kekerasan, subjek pada akhirnya menunjukkan asertivitas yang berpengaruh pada Perubahan situasi dalam hubungan yaitu berkurangnya perlakuan kekerasan yang diterima subjek. Bagi subjek kedua dan ketiga apabila asertivitas tidak kunjung dimunculkan maka pasangan akan semakin memperlakukan subjek secara tidak baik. Asertivitas yang dimunculkan oleh subjek kedua bertujuan agar dapat memperjuangkan dirinya sendiri dan hak-hak pribadinya. Sementara itu pada subjek pertama meskipun sudah berusaha memunculkan asertivitas, subjek pertama mengalami rasa ketidakberdayaandikarenakan kekerasan seksual yang dialami

Management of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Antibiotic Allergy. Executive Summary of Guidance from the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), the Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (SEAIC), the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH) and the Spanish Society of Intensive Medicine and Coronary Care Units (SEMICYUC)

Suspected or confirmed antibiotic allergy is a frequent clinical circumstance that influences antimicrobial prescription and often leads to the avoidable use of less efficacious and/or more toxic or costly drugs than first-line antimicrobials. Optimizing antimicrobial therapy in patients with antibiotic allergy labels has become one of the priorities of antimicrobial stewardship programs in several countries. These guidelines aim to make recommendations for the systematic approach to patients with suspected or confirmed antibiotic allergy based on current evidence. An expert panel (11 members of various scientific societies) formulated questions about the management of patients with suspected or confirmed antibiotic allergy. A systematic literature review was performed by a medical librarian. The questions were distributed among panel members who selected the most relevant references, summarized the evidence, and formulated graded recommendations when possible. The answers to all the questions were finally reviewed by all panel members. A systematic approach to patients with suspected or confirmed antibiotic allergy was recommended to improve antibiotic selection and, consequently, clinical outcomes. A clinically oriented, 3-category risk-stratification strategy was recommended for patients with suspected antibiotic allergy. Complementary assessments should consider both clinical risk category and preferred antibiotic agent. Empirical therapy recommendations for the most relevant clinical syndromes in patients with suspected or confirmed ss-lactam allergy were formulated, as were recommendations on the implementation and monitoring of the impact of the guidelines. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and allergists should design and implement activities that facilitate the most appropriate use of antibiotics in these patients

Krüppel-Like Factor 6 Expression Changes during Trophoblast Syncytialization and Transactivates ßhCG and PSG Placental Genes

BACKGROUND: Krüppel-like factor-6 (KLF6) is a widely expressed member of the Sp1/KLF family of transcriptional regulators involved in differentiation, cell cycle control and proliferation in several cell systems. Even though the highest expression level of KLF6 has been detected in human and mice placenta, its function in trophoblast physiology is still unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Herein, we explored KLF6 expression and sub-cellular distribution in human trophoblast cells differentiating into the syncytial pathway, and its role in the regulation of genes associated with placental development and pregnancy maintenance. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that KLF6 is expressed throughout human cytotrophoblast differentiation showing no evident modifications in its nuclear and cytoplasmic localization pattern. KLF6 transcript and protein peaked early during the syncytialization process as determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. Overexpression of KLF6 in trophoblast-derived JEG-3 cells showed a preferential nuclear signal correlating with enhanced expression of human β-chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) and pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) genes. Moreover, KLF6 transactivated βhCG5, PSG5 and PSG3 gene promoters. Deletion of KLF6 Zn-finger DNA binding domain or mutation of the consensus KLF6 binding site abolished transactivation of the PSG5 promoter. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results are consistent with KLF6 playing a role as transcriptional regulator of relevant genes for placental differentiation and physiology such as βhCG and PSG, in agreement with an early and transient increase of KLF6 expression during trophoblast syncytialization

TeiR, un factor de transcripción tipo LuxR necesario para la degradación de la testosterona en comamonas testosteroni

We have identified a new steroid-inducible gene (designated teiR [testosterone-inducible regulator]) in Comamonas testosteroni that is required for testosterone degradation. Nucleotide sequence analysis of teiR predicts a 391-amino-acid protein which shows homology between residues 327 and 380 (C-terminal domain) to the LuxR helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain and between residues 192 and 227 to the PAS sensor domain. This domain distribution resembles that described for TraR, a specific transcriptional regulator involved in quorum sensing in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Analysis of the gene expression indicated that teiR is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level by the presence of testosterone in the culture medium. A teiR-disrupted mutant strain was completely unable to use testosterone as the sole carbon and energy source. In addition, the expression of several steroid-inducible genes was abolished in this mutant. Northern blot assays revealed that teiR is required for full expression of sip48–-HSD gene mRNA (encoding a steroid-inducible protein of 48 kDa and 3-17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and also of other steroid degradation genes, including those encoding 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 –3-ketoisomerase, 3-oxo-steroid 1 -dehydrogenase, and 3-oxosteroid 4 -(5)-dehydrogenase enzymes. Moreover, when teiR was provided to the teiR-disrupted strain in trans, the transcription level of these genes was restored. These results indicate that TeiR positively regulates the transcription of genes involved in the initial enzymatic steps of steroid degradation in C. testosteroni

Identificación de un nuevo gen inducible por esteroides asociado con el locus ?hsd de Comamonas testosteroni

Comamonas testosteroni is a soil bacterium, which can use a variety of steroids as carbon and energy source. Even if it can be estimated that the complete degradation of the steroid nucleus requires more than 20 enzymatic reactions, the complete molecular characterization of the genes encoding these steroid degradative enzymes as well as the genetic organization of them remain to be elucidated. We have previously reported the cloning and nucleotide sequence of two steroid-inducible genes, ?hsd and stdC encoding 3?-17?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and a hypothetical protein respectively, located in both ends of a 3.2 kb HindIII fragment. Herein, we report the cloning and characterization of another steroid-inducible gene, called sip48 (steroid inducible protein), located between these two genes. The analysis of Sip48 amino acid sequence predicts a protein of 438 amino acids with a molecular mass of 48.5 kDa. This protein bears high homology with conserved hypothetical proteins of unknown function described in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas putida, Burkholderia fungorum, Shewanella oneidensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Thauera aromatica. The predicted protein shows a typical structure of a leader peptide at its N-terminus. A 48.5 kDa protein encoded by the recombinant plasmid was detected by SDS–PAGE analysis of in vitro []-methionine labeled polypeptides. Analysis of gene expression indicates that Sip48 is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level by several steroid compounds. In addition, transcriptional analysis of sip48 and ?hsd in a sip48 mutant strain, indicates that both genes are transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA. lacZ transcriptional fusions integrated into the chromosome of C. testosteroni demonstrate that a steroid-inducible promoter located upstream of sip48 regulates the expression of both genes

TeiR, a LuxR-Type Transcription Factor Required for Testosterone Degradation in Comamonas testosteroni

We have identified a new steroid-inducible gene (designated teiR [testosterone-inducible regulator]) in Comamonas testosteroni that is required for testosterone degradation. Nucleotide sequence analysis of teiR predicts a 391-amino-acid protein which shows homology between residues 327 and 380 (C-terminal domain) to the LuxR helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain and between residues 192 and 227 to the PAS sensor domain. This domain distribution resembles that described for TraR, a specific transcriptional regulator involved in quorum sensing in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Analysis of the gene expression indicated that teiR is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level by the presence of testosterone in the culture medium. A teiR-disrupted mutant strain was completely unable to use testosterone as the sole carbon and energy source. In addition, the expression of several steroid-inducible genes was abolished in this mutant. Northern blot assays revealed that teiR is required for full expression of sip48-β-HSD gene mRNA (encoding a steroid-inducible protein of 48 kDa and 3β-17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and also of other steroid degradation genes, including those encoding 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Δ(5)-3-ketoisomerase, 3-oxo-steroid Δ(1)-dehydrogenase, and 3-oxo-steroid Δ(4)-(5α)-dehydrogenase enzymes. Moreover, when teiR was provided to the teiR-disrupted strain in trans, the transcription level of these genes was restored. These results indicate that TeiR positively regulates the transcription of genes involved in the initial enzymatic steps of steroid degradation in C. testosteroni