Haploid biotechnology as a tool for creating a selection material for sugar beets

Since the discovery of the phenomenon of haploidy, biotechnology has become an integral part in the successful creation of new varieties and hybrids of various plant species. In particular, these technologies are actively used in agriculture, which is concerned with increasing the volume and improving the quality of products. The integration of haploid production techniques together with other available biotechnological tools such as marker selection (MAS), induced mutagenesis and genetic engineering technologies can significantly accelerate crop breeding. This article shows the main stages in the development of biotechnology since 1921. Now they are successfully used to create doubled haploids to accelerate the selection process of various plants and, in particular, sugar beet, which is the most important sugar crop in regions with a temperate climate. There are several methods for obtaining forms with a single set of chromosomes. For sugar beets, the use of gynogenesis turned out to be expedient, since in this case the other methods turned out to be ineffective in the mass production of haploids. The article considers the stages of obtaining the H and DH lines of Beta vulgaris L., as well as the main stages of biotechnological production of homozygous breeding material of this culture. These stages include selecting parental forms – donor explants, sterilizing buds and introducing non-pollinated ovules in vitro, obtaining haploids, doubling their chromosome set, creating doubled haploids, determining ploidy at different stages, relocating the obtained plants to greenhouses and growing stecklings. A number of advantages that the technology of creating doubled haploids in vitro has in comparison with traditional methods of selection are described. It has been shown that the use of these approaches is relevant when obtaining new highly productive hybrids and varieties of agricultural plants; however, the methods for the production of homozygous forms in sugar beet still require additional research aimed at increasing the efficiency and reproducibility of each stage of the process

HYDROLYTIC STABILITY OF IMIDES OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES

The conversion kinetics of N(o-carboxyphenyl)naphthalimide has been studied in buffer solutions over a pH range 5-12.6 and temperature range 25-70 °C. The naphthalimide hydrolysis is shown to be a reversible reaction. The mechanism of the alkaline hydrolysis of N(o- carboxyphenyl) phthalimide is proposed. The structure dependence of the imide hydrolytic stability is explained on the basis of the suggested mechanism

ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ШТАММОВ BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS К АНТИБАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫМ ПРЕПАРАТАМ

178 strains of B. pertussis isolated from infected individuals in various regions of Russia from 1948 to 2012 have been studied for their susceptibility to six antibacterial preparations. It has been shown, that B. pertussis strains isolated from 1948 to 1989 were predominantly sensitive to erythromycin. In the following years a gradual decrease in susceptibility of circulating strains of B. pertussis to this antibiotic was registered with the emergence of strains with intermediate susceptibility in 22% of cases from 1990 to 2005 (MIC 0,060 mcg/mL), up to 59,3% in the last six years (MIC 0,125 mcg/mL). As for azithromycin, high susceptibility of strains of B. pertussis to this preparation was shown throughout the entire duration of the survey. However, the rate of incidence of intermediate strains reached 14% among those strains isolated from 1990 to 2005, and is now at 32%. Thus, after several decades of active use of antibiotics pertussis underwent a series of transformations resulting in a decrease in susceptibility of B. pertussis strains to erythromycin and azithromycin.Изучена антибиотикочувствительность 178 штаммов B. pertussis, выделенных от больных коклюшем в различных регионах РФ в 1948—2012 гг., к шести антибактериальным препаратам. Показано, что штаммы B. pertussis, выделенные в 1948— 1989 гг., преимущественно имели высокую чувствительность к эритромицину. В последующие годы выявлена последовательная тенденция снижения чувствительности циркулирующих штаммов B. pertussis к этому антибиотику с появлением в 22,0% случаев штаммов с промежуточной чувствительностью в 1990—2005 гг. (МПК 0,060 мкг/мл) до 59,3% — в последние 6 лет (МПК 0,125 мкг/мл). В отношении азитромицина обнаружена высокая чувствительность штаммов B. pertussis, выделенных на протяжении всех периодов наблюдения. Вместе с тем, частота выявляемости штаммов с промежуточной чувствительностью к препарату увеличилась до 14,0% среди штаммов B. pertussis, выделенных в 1990—2005 г г., и в настоящее время достигла 32,0%. Таким образом, за несколько десятилетий активного использования антибиотиков возбудитель коклюша претерпел ряд изменений, проявляющихся в снижении чувствительности штаммов B. pertussis к эритромицину и азитромицину.

Современные подходы к системному лечению BRCA-ассоциированного трижды негативного рака молочной железы

BRCA-associated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by high sensitivity to DNA-damaging cytotoxic drugs. The use of well-known BRCA1/2-specific antitumor agents – platinum derivatives and PARP inhibitors – has been discussed for a long time in the context of the treatment of metastatic BRCA-associated TNBC. Neoadjuvant regimens based on the use of anthracyclines and taxanes are the standard of drug therapy for primary BRCA-associated breast cancer. At present, there are few data regarding the addition of platinum drugs to anthracycline-taxane neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of primary BRCA-associated TNBC. This review details the various treatment options for both primary and metastatic BRCA-associated TNBC. It has been shown that the development of new strategies for the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of patients with primary BRCA-associated TNBC is an urgent clinical need to reduce the risks of recurrence and progression.BRCA-ассоциированный трижды негативный рак молочной железы (ТНРМЖ) характеризуется высокой чувствительностью к ДНК-повреждающим цитотоксическим препаратам. Применение известных BRCA1/2-специфических противоопухолевых средств – производных платины и PARP-ингибиторов – длительное время обсуждалось в контексте лечения метастатического BRCA-ассоциированного ТНРМЖ. Стандартом лекарственной терапии первичного BRCA-ассоциированного РМЖ является неоадъювантная химиотерапия с использованием антрациклинов и таксанов. В настоящее время имеется не так много данных о добавлении препаратов платины к антрациклин-таксановой неоадъювантной химиотерапии при лечении первичного BRCA-ассоциированного ТНРМЖ. В представленном обзоре подробно описаны различные способы терапии данного рака, как первичного, так и метастатического. Показано, что разработка новых стратегий неоадъювантной химиотерапии для пациенток с первичным BRCA-ассоциированным ТНРМЖ является насущной клинической необходимостью для снижения рисков рецидивирования и прогрессирования

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS STRAINS TO ANTIBACTERIAL PREPARATIONS

178 strains of B. pertussis isolated from infected individuals in various regions of Russia from 1948 to 2012 have been studied for their susceptibility to six antibacterial preparations. It has been shown, that B. pertussis strains isolated from 1948 to 1989 were predominantly sensitive to erythromycin. In the following years a gradual decrease in susceptibility of circulating strains of B. pertussis to this antibiotic was registered with the emergence of strains with intermediate susceptibility in 22% of cases from 1990 to 2005 (MIC 0,060 mcg/mL), up to 59,3% in the last six years (MIC 0,125 mcg/mL). As for azithromycin, high susceptibility of strains of B. pertussis to this preparation was shown throughout the entire duration of the survey. However, the rate of incidence of intermediate strains reached 14% among those strains isolated from 1990 to 2005, and is now at 32%. Thus, after several decades of active use of antibiotics pertussis underwent a series of transformations resulting in a decrease in susceptibility of B. pertussis strains to erythromycin and azithromycin

New prospects in the use of Kadcyla® in breast cancer

As is known, the HER-2-expressing biological subtype of breast cancer (BC) is characterized by an aggressive course and has a poorprognosis in the absence of specific treatment. Before the emergence of trastuzumab, 5-year overall survival in patients with the disseminated forms of BC was 20 % (median survival, 16–29 months), out of whom only 2–5 % were long-term survivors. Addition of trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds selectively to HER-2 receptor on the surface of tumor cells, to first-line chemotherapy for HER-2-positive metastatic BC caused a considerable enhancement of therapeutic efficiency. When trastuzumab is incorporated into chemotherapy for metastatic BC, median progression-free survival and overall survival were 7.4 and 25.1 months (4.6 and 20.3 months without trastuzumab), respectively. Kadcyla® (T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate, represents a new approach to treating HER-2-positive metastatic BC. T-DM1 is characterized by the innovative and selective mechanism of action on the HER-2-positive tumor cells. Through this mechanism, T-DM1 leads to a double antitumor effect: a trastuzumab-mediated anti-HER-2 effect and a cytotoxic effect due to the selective transport of the potent antimitotic agent DM1 into the cytoplasm. This mechanism of action enhances the efficiency of antitumor therapy and reduces toxicity. Kadcyla® has been approved in the Russian Federation, as well as by the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration as monotherapy in HER-2-positive inoperable locally advanced or metastatic BC patients previously treated with taxanes and / or trastuzumab

ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ШТАММОВ BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS К АНТИБАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫМ ПРЕПАРАТАМ

178 strains of B. pertussis isolated from infected individuals in various regions of Russia from 1948 to 2012 have been studied for their susceptibility to six antibacterial preparations. It has been shown, that B. pertussis strains isolated from 1948 to 1989 were predominantly sensitive to erythromycin. In the following years a gradual decrease in susceptibility of circulating strains of B. pertussis to this antibiotic was registered with the emergence of strains with intermediate susceptibility in 22% of cases from 1990 to 2005 (MIC 0,060 mcg/mL), up to 59,3% in the last six years (MIC 0,125 mcg/mL). As for azithromycin, high susceptibility of strains of B. pertussis to this preparation was shown throughout the entire duration of the survey. However, the rate of incidence of intermediate strains reached 14% among those strains isolated from 1990 to 2005, and is now at 32%. Thus, after several decades of active use of antibiotics pertussis underwent a series of transformations resulting in a decrease in susceptibility of B. pertussis strains to erythromycin and azithromycin.Изучена антибиотикочувствительность 178 штаммов B. pertussis, выделенных от больных коклюшем в различных регионах РФ в 1948—2012 гг., к шести антибактериальным препаратам. Показано, что штаммы B. pertussis, выделенные в 1948— 1989 гг., преимущественно имели высокую чувствительность к эритромицину. В последующие годы выявлена последовательная тенденция снижения чувствительности циркулирующих штаммов B. pertussis к этому антибиотику с появлением в 22,0% случаев штаммов с промежуточной чувствительностью в 1990—2005 гг. (МПК 0,060 мкг/мл) до 59,3% — в последние 6 лет (МПК 0,125 мкг/мл). В отношении азитромицина обнаружена высокая чувствительность штаммов B. pertussis, выделенных на протяжении всех периодов наблюдения. Вместе с тем, частота выявляемости штаммов с промежуточной чувствительностью к препарату увеличилась до 14,0% среди штаммов B. pertussis, выделенных в 1990—2005 г г., и в настоящее время достигла 32,0%. Таким образом, за несколько десятилетий активного использования антибиотиков возбудитель коклюша претерпел ряд изменений, проявляющихся в снижении чувствительности штаммов B. pertussis к эритромицину и азитромицину. </p

Structure of Population of Strains of the Bordetella pertussis in the Russia

Relevance. Despite more than 50 years of successful experience with pertussis immunization, pertussis remains an important public health problem. WHO estimated 16 million people worldwide are infected per year, a significant number of whom are children under 1 year of age. In the last 10 years a significant increase in the incidence of whooping cough has been observed in many countries with a high immunization coverage level. In Russia, specific prevention of whooping cough, is held since 1959. Specific prevention of whooping cough has led to considerable improvement of an epidemiological situation and has shown its social and economic importance for maintenance of sanitary and epidemiologic wellbeing on this infection in Russia. Goal. Study the structure of population B. pertussis circulating in Russia in dynamics of whooping cough epidemic process. Materials and methods Studied 573 B. pertussis strains allocated from patients with whooping cough in 1948 - 2015 used multilocus sequence typing (MAST). Isolates divided in five groups: 1948 - 1969 - 37 strains, isolated in the vaccination period and the first ten years of mass childhood immunization; 1970 - 1989 - 63 strains; 1990 - 2005 - 203 strains (from G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology collection); 2006 - 2012 - 185 strains; 2013 - 2015 - 85 strains. Genotyping of strains was carried out according to the scheme MAST2 on the basis of a sequence of fragments of genes of ptxP-fim3-prn. Results of sequencing-typing were computed in the CromasLite program, identification of alleles and sequencing types carried out on EMBL/GenBank. Results. Formation of population of B.pertussis strains during more than 50 years went on the way of consecutive change of vaccinal genotype strains with strains of new nonvaccinal genotypes. Conclusions. Modern population of the causative agent of whooping cough is presented by the strains of genotype 322 and 329 possessing high virulence and causing heavier clinical course of disease