Rheological Behavior of Food Emulsions Mixed with Saliva: Effect of Oil Content, Salivary Protein Content, and Saliva Type

In this paper, we studied the effect of saliva on the rheological properties of ß-lactoglobulin- and lysozyme-stabilized emulsions, prepared at pH¿=¿6.7 in relation to variation of emulsions- and saliva-related parameters. The effect of oil¿volume fraction (2.5% w/w to 10% w/w), salivary protein concentration (0.1 to 0.8 mg ml¿1), and the use of both stimulated and unstimulated saliva was investigated. Viscosity and storage modulus were measured before (¿ emul and G¿emul, respectively) and after addition of saliva (¿ mix and G¿mix). To better estimate the changes due to saliva-induced flocculation of the emulsions, the ratios ¿ mix/¿ emul, G¿mix/G¿emul were calculated. In addition, tan ¿ (=the ratio of the loss and storage moduli) was investigated to evaluate the viscoelastic behavior of the emulsion/saliva mixtures. Increasing the oil¿volume fraction and salivary protein concentration resulted in an increase in ¿ mix/¿ emul and G¿mix/G¿emul, while a decrease in tan ¿ of the emulsion/saliva mixtures is occurring. When compared with unstimulated saliva, mixing ß-lactoglobulin-stabilized emulsions with stimulated saliva led to a reduction in ¿ mix/¿ emul and G¿mix/G¿emul, and an augment of tan ¿ at all measured deformations. In case of lysozyme-stabilized emulsions, the use of stimulated saliva increased G¿mix/G¿emul for ¿

Work hardening behavior in a steel with multiple TRIP mechanisms

Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) behavior was studied in steel with composition Fe-0.07C-2.85Si-15.3Mn-2.4Al-0.017N that exhibited two TRIP mechanisms. The initial microstructure consisted of both {\epsilon}- and {\alpha}-martensites with 27% retained austenite. TRIP behavior in the first 5% strain was predominately austenite transforming to {\epsilon}-martensite (Stage I), but upon saturation of Stage I, the {\epsilon}-martensite transformed to {\alpha}-martensite (Stage II). Alloy segregation also affected the TRIP behavior with alloy rich regions producing TRIP just prior to necking. This behavior was explained by first principle calculations that revealed aluminum significantly affected the stacking fault energy in Fe-Mn-Al-C steels by decreasing the unstable stacking fault energy and promoting easy nucleation of {\epsilon}-martensite. The addition of aluminum also raised the intrinsic stacking fault energy and caused the {\epsilon}-martensite to be unstable and transform to {\alpha}-martensite under further deformation. The two stage TRIP behavior produced a high strain hardening exponent of 1.4 and led to ultimate tensile strength of 1165 MPa and elongation to failure of 35%.Comment: submitted to Met. Mater. Trans. A manuscript E-TP-12-953-

Ruddlesden-Popper faults in LaNiO3/LaAlO3 superlattices

Scanning transmission electron microscopy in combination with electron energy-loss spectroscopy is used to study LaNiO3/LaAlO3 superlattices grown on (La,Sr)AlO4 with varying single-layer thicknesses which are known to control their electronic properties. The microstructure of the films is investigated on the atomic level and the role of observed defects is discussed in the context of the different properties. Two types of Ruddlesden-Popper faults are found which are either two or three dimensional. The common planar Ruddlesden-Popper fault is induced by steps on the substrate surface. In contrast, the three-dimensionally arranged Ruddlesden-Popper fault, whose size is in the nanometer range, is caused by the formation of local stacking faults during film growth. Furthermore, the interfaces of the superlattices are found to show different sharpness, but the microstructure does not depend substantially on the single-layer thickness.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure

Digital modulation of the nickel valence state in a cuprate-nickelate heterostructure

Layer-by-layer oxide molecular beam epitaxy has been used to synthesize cuprate-nickelate multilayer structures of composition (La$_2$CuO$_4$)$_m$/LaO/(LaNiO$_3$)$_n$. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, we show that these structures allow a clean separation of dopant and doped layers. Specifically, the LaO layer separating cuprate and nickelate blocks provides an additional charge that, according to density functional theory calculations, is predominantly accommodated in the interfacial nickelate layers. This is reflected in an elongation of bond distances and changes in valence state, as observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the predicted charge disproportionation in the nickelate interface layers leads to a thickness-dependent metal-to-insulator transition for $n=2$, as observed in electrical transport measurements. The results exemplify the perspectives of charge transfer in metal-oxide multilayers to induce doping without introducing chemical and structural disorder

Effect of Phosphorus on Cleavage Fracture in Κ-Carbide

To understand the origin of cleavage fracture which dominates in Fe(Mn)-Al-C alloys at a high phosphorus concentration, we performed first-principles study of the phosphorus effect on ideal cleavage energy and critical stress in κ-carbide, Fe3 AlC, a precipitate in the austenitic alloys. We find that phosphorus has higher solubility in Fe3 AlC than in γ-Fe and sharply reduces the cleavage characteristics of κ-carbide. We show that strong anisotropy of the Fe-P bonds in Fe3 (Al,P) C under tensile stress, leads to the appearance of large structural voids and may facilitate crack nucleation

Adult Attachment and Personal Recovery in Clients With a Psychotic Disorder

Background: Personal recovery has become a key objective in the treatment of clients with a psychotic disorder. So far it has been established that the two attachment dimensions, ie, anxious and avoidant, are negatively associated with subjective well-being, self-esteem and hope. This study is the first to explore whether attachment styles are related to personal recovery in this population. Aims: To study the effects of anxious and avoidant attachment on personal recovery in a population with a psychotic disorder. Method: This cross-sectional study is part of the UP's multicenter cohort study on recovery from psychotic disorders, in which 265 participants are currently included. Attachment was assessed using the Psychosis Attachment Measure, including the anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions. Personal recovery was measured using the Recovering Quality of Life-10 (ReQOL-10) and the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC). Regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of attachment on personal recovery. Results: We found negative effects of the anxious attachment style on the total scores of the ReQoL-10 (b = -4.54, SE = 0.69, β = β0.37) and the I.ROC (b = -5.21, SE = 0.89, β = -0.32). Although there were also negative effects of the avoidant attachment style on the total scores of the ReQoL-10 (b = -3.08, SE = 0.93, β = -0.18) and the I.ROC (b = -4.24, SE = 1.24, β = -0.19), these were less pronounced. Conclusion: Results show that both forms of insecure attachment (anxious and avoidant) are related to poorer personal recovery in clients with a psychotic disorder.</p

Propagation pathways of classical Labrador Sea water from its source region to 26°N

More than two decades of hydrography on the Abaco line east of the Bahamas at 26 degrees N reveals decadal variability in the salinity of classical Labrador Sea Water (cLSW), despite the long distance from its source region in the North Atlantic Ocean. Hydrographic time series from the Labrador Sea and from the Abaco line show a pronounced step-like decrease in salinity between 1985 and 1995 in the Labrador Sea and between 1995 and 2010 at the Abaco line, suggesting a time lag between the two locations of approximately 9 years. The amplitude of the anomaly at the Abaco line is 50% of the amplitude in the Labrador Sea. A similar time lag and reduction of amplitude is found in the high-resolution OFES model, in which salinity anomalies can be observed propagating through the Deep Western Boundary Current as well as through a broad interior pathway. On its way south to the Abaco line, the cLSW becomes 8 standard deviations saltier due to isopycnal mixing with Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). Climatological data in the North Atlantic suggests that the mixing ratio of MOW to cLSW at the Abaco line is 1:4 and that no variability in MOW is required to explain the observed variability at the Abaco line. The data studied here suggest that decadal cLSW anomalies stay relatively coherent while getting advected, despite the important role of interior pathways

Long-range charge density wave proximity effect at cuprate-manganate interfaces

The interplay between charge density waves (CDWs) and high-temperature superconductivity is currently under intense investigation. Experimental research on this issue is difficult because CDW formation in bulk copper-oxides is strongly influenced by random disorder, and a long-range-ordered CDW state in high magnetic fields is difficult to access with spectroscopic and diffraction probes. Here we use resonant x-ray scattering in zero magnetic field to show that interfaces with the metallic ferromagnet La$_{2/3}$Ca$_{1/3}$MnO$_3$ greatly enhance CDW formation in the optimally doped high-temperature superconductor YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+\delta}$ ($\bf \delta \sim 1$), and that this effect persists over several tens of nm. The wavevector of the incommensurate CDW serves as an internal calibration standard of the charge carrier concentration, which allows us to rule out any significant influence of oxygen non-stoichiometry, and to attribute the observed phenomenon to a genuine electronic proximity effect. Long-range proximity effects induced by heterointerfaces thus offer a powerful method to stabilize the charge density wave state in the cuprates, and more generally, to manipulate the interplay between different collective phenomena in metal oxides.Comment: modified version published in Nature Material