16 research outputs found
Peculiarities of the Translation of the Novel “A Clockwork Orange” by A. Burgess
Статья посвящена особенностям перевода романа «Заводной апельсин» Э. Бёрджесса, а также трудностям, возникающим при переводе данного произведения, связанным с использованием вымышленного языка Надсат.The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the translation of A. Burgess novel “A Clockwork Orange”, as well as the difficulties encountered in the translation of this book associated with the use of the fictional language, called Nadsat
UROGENITAL TRACT MICROFLORA IN SEXUAL PARTNERS WITH CHRONIC GENITOURINARY TRICHOMONIASIS
Trichomonas infection is a scientific and clinical problem in dermatology, urology, obstetrics and gynecology. This infection in men and women is often causes to urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, post-abortion infection, premature labor and other diseases. This literature review has shown that in spite of a lot of numbers of scientific data concerning the impact of trichomoniasis to urogenital bioceonosis of both men and women, there is no enough data about influence of trichomoniasis to urinary microecology in sexual partners. Meanwhile, this question is in the field of scientific and applied interest and need to be studied
The deevelopment of social partnership at «The Perm technical school of chemical technology»
В статье авторы представили опыт работы Пермского химико-технологического техникума в разрезе организации образовательной деятельности в рамках социального партнерства, понимаемого как равноправное сотрудничество. Авторы осознают важность и значимость подготовки специалистов среднего звена с акцентом на практикоориентированность.The authors of the article have shown the operational experience of the Perm technical school of chemical technology from the point of view educational activities organization within the framework of social partnership that means equitable cooperation. The authors are aware of the significance of mid-level professionals’ training with the focus on practice orientation
Ранние предикторы тяжелого течения острого панкреатита
BACKGROUND One of the main pathogenetic aspects of the severe course of acute pancreatitis (AP) is endothelial dysfunction. Under normal physiological conditions, the endothelium has both anticoagulant and procoagulant properties. However, with the development of AP, endothelial dysfunction often begins as a diffuse activation of coagulation, which further potentiates the progression of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and thereby complicates the course of AP. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present retrospective-prospective study included 78 patients; men — 52 (66.7%), women — 26 (33.3%) with severe AP. The mean age was 51.8±14.2 years. The patients were divided into two groups: the 1st group (n=39), based on a retrospective analysis of the data, included patients in whom the following hemostasis parameters were assessed: activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, prothrombin. The second group (n=39) included patients in whom, in addition to the above, the following indicators were evaluated: fibrinogen, D-dimer, antithrombin III, protein C. CONCLUSION In the course of this study, it was found that routine methods for assessing the parameters of the hemostasis system, including the determination of only activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, prothrombin, are uninformative and do not reflect the severity of the disease. A comprehensive comprehensive study of the coagulation system already in the early stages of the disease indicates an existing tendency to a severe course, which allows anticoagulant therapy to be immediately begun, thereby reducing the number of infectious complications, cases of multiple organ failure, and reducing mortality. АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ Одним из основных патогенетических аспектов тяжелого течения острого панкреатита (ОП) является эндотелиальная дисфункция. В нормальных физиологических условиях эндотелий обладает как антикоагулянтными, так и прокоагулянтными свойствами. Однако при развитии ОП эндотелиальная дисфункция нередко начинается как диффузная активация коагуляции, что еще в большей степени потенцирует прогрессирование синдрома системного воспалительного ответа (ССВО) и тем самым осложняет течение ОП. МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ В настоящее ретроспективно-проспективное исследование были включены 78 пациентов; мужчин — 52 (66,7%), женщин — 26 (33,3%) с тяжелым ОП. Средний возраст составил 51,8±14,2 года. Пациенты были разделены на две группы: в 1-ю группу (n=39) на основании ретроспективного анализа данных вошли пациенты, у которых были оценены следующие параметры гемостаза: активированное частичное тромбопластиновое время, международное нормализованное отношение, протромбин. Во вторую группу (n=39) вошли пациенты, у которых, помимо вышеперечисленных, были оценены следующие показатели: фибриноген, Д-димер, антитромбин III, протеин С. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ В ходе проведения данного исследования было установлено, что стандартные методы оценки параметров системы гемостаза, включают определение только активированного частичного тромбопластинового времени, международного нормализованного отношения, протромбина — малоинформативны и не отражают тяжести течения заболевания. Развернутое комплексное исследование системы коагуляции уже на ранних стадиях заболевания свидетельствует о имеющейся тенденции к тяжелому течению, что позволяет незамедлительно начать проведение антикоагулянтной терапии и тем самым снизить количество гнойно-септических осложнений, случаев развития полиорганной недостаточности — снизить летальность.
Clinical Recommendations of the Russian Scientific Liver Society and Russian Gastroenterological Association on Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Fibrosis, Cirrhosis and Their Complications
Aim. Current clinical recommendations are intended to supply gastroenterologists, physicians and general practitioners with modern methods for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis and fibrosis.Key points. Liver fibrosis develops with connective tissue accumulation in liver in the outcome of various chronic diseases, including alcohol misuse, viral hepatitises, autoimmune and more rare hereditary liver diseases. Liver cirrhosis is the final stage of most chronic diffuse liver diseases. The recommendations present current opinions on pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of their main complications: hepatic encephalopathy, oesophageal and gastric variceal bleeding, acute kidney injury/hepatorenal syndrome, infectious complications (i.a. spontaneous bacterial peritonitis), hyponatraemia, pulmonary complications, etc.Conclusion. Timely diagnosis and adequate therapy in cirrhosis can prevent life-threatening complications and improve the patients’ prognosis and quality of life
Social and demographic characteristics, features of disease course and treatment options of inflammatory bowel disease in Russia: results of two multicenter studies
Background: Epidemiological studies performed in different countries have identified a number of trends that allow to predict the problems related to the prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), their severity and healthcare resources utilization. Aim: To present comparative results of two large epidemiological studies of IBD in the Russian Federation (RF), i.e. ESCApe and ESCApe-2. Materials and methods: Two multicenter cross-sectional cohort studies with a similar design were performed at three-year interval. The studies had the common aim: to identify social and demographic and clinical particulars of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in RF, as well as treatment options. Twenty (20) centers of gastroenterology from 17 RF regions participated in the ESCApe (2010–2011) and 8 centers from 7 RF regions in the ESCApe-2 study (2013–2014). Results: The ESCApe study included 1797 patients (1254 UC and 543 CD), whereas the ESCApe-2 included 1000 patients (667 UC and 333 CD). Patient demographic and social characteristics: In both studies, female: male ratio was similar in UC and CD. Patients’ age was almost identical: in UC, median age was 38 years and 40 years in ESCApe and ESCApe-2, respectively; in CD the corresponding values were 36 and 35 years. In ESCApe, the peak UC onset was at the age of 21 to 40 years, whereas in CD it was shifted towards younger age (22.5% of the patients manifested before 20 years) and the peak incidence was in three age groups (below 20 years, 21 to 30 and 31 to 40 years). A statistically significant difference between CD and UC was found only in the age group of 11 to 20 years (22.5% vs. 13.6%, respectively, p < 0.01). In ESCApe-2, median age of disease onset in UC and CD was approximately 30 years. In both studies, urban:rural ratio for UC and CD was 4:1. In ESCApe, the proportion of current smokers among CD patients was almost two-fold higher than among those with UC (15.6 and 8.8%, respectively, p < 0.001); the same trend was found in ESCApe-2 (15 and 7.3%, p < 0.001). Socioeconomic characteristics of patients in both studies were similar: 50 to 60% were at work (professional occupation and income levels were not studied); in ESCApe 30.9% of UC patients and 40.9% of CD patients had legal disability due to various reasons (including that related to UC and CD in 12,6 and 14.9%, respectively), whereas in ESCApe-2 the respective proportions were 35.7 and 51.1%. Clinical characteristics of patients: The time from the first UC symptoms to diagnosis was similar in both studies (median, 5 months in ESCApe and 4 months in ESCApe-2); in CD patients these parameters were significantly different in both studies (12 vs. 1 month). As for the severity of the disease, the UC patients in ESCApe had mild disease in 16%, moderate in 53%, and severe in 31%, whereas the respective proportions among the CD patients were 21, 44, and 35%. In ESCApe-2, there were no patients with severe disease; mild and moderate UC were diagnosed in 51.3 and 46.6% of the patients, respectively, and mild and moderate CD, in 52.3 and 47.3%. The frequency of left-side UC was similar: 38% in ESCApе and 34% in ESCApе-2. Proctitis was more frequent in the first study (33 vs. 11%, p < 0.01), and total UC was more frequent in the second study (29 vs. 55%, p < 0.02). There were no significant differences between ESCApe and ESCApe-2 in the main CD localizations: terminal ileitis was seen in 31.3 and 35.4% of the patients, respectively, ileocolitis in 33.4 and 37.8%, colitis in 25.6 and 32.1%. The upper gastrointestinal involvement In ESCApе was found 4.4%, and mixed involvement in 5.3%. In both studies, extra-intestinal manifestations were more frequent in CD, than in UC: in ESCApe, 33.1% and 23% (р < 0.05), and in ESCApe-2 in 41.7 and 29.4%, respectively (р < 0.05). Peripheral arthropathies were most frequent. Ankylosing spondylitis was found in CD only, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, only in UC. Aphthous stomatitis was significantly more prevalent in CD in both studies. There were no significant differences in all other extra-intestinal symptoms (eye and skin involvement). Treatment characteristics: Treatment options before the study entry, as well as at the study inclusion visit were analyzed. In ESCApe, the majority of the patients had not been given any treatment before the study entry (49.1% with UC and 40.5% with CD). Three years later the situation was changing: in ESCApe-2, the proportion of treatment-naïve patients was 2.5 to 3-fold lower (15.3% with UC and 14.4% with CD), which was most probably related to increasing awareness of physicians. Before the study entry, most patients (40 to 70%) had been treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). Before the second study, the patients were more frequently treated with glucocorticosteroids (GCS), immunosuppressors and genetically engineered biological agents (GEBA), but with no significant differences from the first study. 5-ASA prevailed also among the agents that were administered during the inclusion visits in both studies (80 to 90% UC patients and about 70% of CD patients). Compared to ESCApe, in ESCApe-2 there was a trend towards lower rate of GCS administration in UC and CD, but the differences did not reach the significance level. It may be explained by the absence of severe IBD types in ESCApe-2. In ESCApe, immunosuppressors were rarely used (in 14.4% of the UC patients and in 26.8% of the CD patients); however, in ESCApe-2 there were administered more frequently: up to 35.9% of the UC patients and 55.1% of the CD patients (р < 0.01 for both cases). It was unknown if immunosuppressors were used as monotherapy or in combination with GCS. Three years later, the rate of GEBA administration was also higher, but this increase was significant only in CD: 28.3% in ESCApe-2 vs. 9.2% in ESCApe (р < 0.01). According to the results of ESCApe, in the UC patients steroid resistance was seen in 23% and steroid dependency in 21%, whereas in the CD patients these values were 24 and 27%, respectively. In ESCApe-2 these parameters were not assessed. Conclusion: Both studies showed a number of patterns coinciding with the world trends, such as age and gender distribution of UC and CD patients, age at manifestation, the proportion of urban to rural residents, smoking status, prevalence and types of extra-intestinal symptoms. Unlike in European countries, moderate and severe forms of UC with extensive involvement are prevalent in RF. Low prevalence of mild and limited types of IBD is to be explained by underdiagnosis. Of note is the high proportion of patients with UC and CD treated with 5-ASA, although in CD these agents have demonstrated low efficacy. The rates of immunosuppressors and GEBA administration significantly increased in the second study, most likely, due to the implementation of a system of educational measures. Nevertheless, the rate of GEBA use in IBD remains low, which is to be related to their insufficient availability. In total, steroid resistance / steroid dependency rate amount to almost half of UC and CD cases. In general, some positive changes in the patient management are obvious in the second study. However, monitoring these changes over time could only be possible if similar studies would be performed at regular intervals