Identification of ascorbic acid and phytochemical profiles of Scotch Bonnet pepper (Capsicum chinense) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detector (HPLC-UV)

Researchers have discovered that red and green scotch peppers are extremely rich in phytochemicals and that these secondary metabolites are connected to several biological processes in the human body. This study aimed to determine the numerous phytochemicals present in scotch pepper seeds, flesh, and red and green varieties. The samples were pulverized after being air-dried. The phytochemicals and ascorbic acid contents were examined using a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet  detector (HPLC-UV). Twelve phytochemicals and ascorbic acid were identified in the flesh and seed of red scotch pepper, with lycopene having the highest content (83.10 mg/kg), the ascorbic acid content of 8.80 mg/kg; moreover, the seed of red scotch pepper revealed twelve phytochemicals and lycopene being the highest content (75.60 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid content of 6.80 mg/kg, furthermore, fourteen phytochemicals were identified in the flesh of red scotch bonnet pepper with lycopene the highest quantity (86.00 mg/kg) and ascorbic content of 10.60 mg/kg. Twelve phytochemicals were identified in the flesh and seed of green scotch bonnet pepper, lycopene (68.70 mg/kg) being the highest content, ascorbic acid content (6.50 mg/kg), twelve phytochemicals were revealed in the flesh of green pepper and lycopene had highest quantity (76.30 mg/kg), in the seed of green pepper, the lycopene content was 68.70 mg/kg. However, it has been shown that capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and lutein concentrations varied, with red scotch pepper flesh having the highest concentration of capsaicin (7.50 mg/kg). The lycopene and ascorbic acid contents of flesh were the highest (86.00 mg/kg) and (10.60 mg/kg). The study's findings showed that red pepper flesh was better than other components that were looked at.

Фітохімічний профіль та антидіабетичний потенціал in vitro фракціонованих екстрактів Entada Africana та Leptadenia Hastata

Aim: To confirm their use in the management of diabetes and to determine the numerous phytochemicals present that may be connected to the active performance of the plants, the fractionated extracts of Leptadenia hastata and Entada africana were subjected to an in vitro experiment. Material and methods: The plant leaves were dried, pulverized with a Sumeet CM/L 2128945 grinder, the particle size was 45.85 μm and extracted with methanol. The crude extracts were fractionated using a 30×8 cm diameter column and 60g of silica gel 60 F254 grade, using methanol as eluent and fractions were concentrated using a rotary evaporator, the fractionated extracts were run on thin layer Chromatographic plate (TLC) and their retardation factors (RF) were determined. Fractions of similar RF were pulled together and spotted again using TLC plate and the final (RF) were calculated. The crude extracts were quantified for the content of phytochemicals and the phytochemicals present in the fractionated extracts (LH1 and EA2) were identified using HPLC-UV detector. The extracts (LH1 and EA2) were tested for antidiabetic potentials using α -glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes in an in-vitro antidiabetic assay. Results: The yields of the fractionated extracts were 10.0 mg (Leptadenia hastata) and 11.5.0 mg (Entada Africana) and designated as LH1 and EA2, the RF for LH1 and EA2 were 0.75±0.01 and 0.77±0.03 respectively. The maximum amount of alkaloid was found in E. Africana (14.50±0.25 mg/g), while tannin was not found in L. Hastata. In the portion of L. Hastata (LH1), thirteen phytochemicals were discovered and out of these three were alkaloids. Thirteen phytochemicals were found in the E. Africana fraction (EA2), with eight of them being alkaloids and flavonoids. When compared to the usual acarbose, the plants' anti-diabetic properties were superior. EA2 had EC50 of 0.950.17 g/ml (α-amylase) and 0.970.41 g/ml (α-glucosidase), while LH1 had EC50 of 1.00±0.11 g/ml (α-amylase) and 0.90±0.35 g/ml (α-glucosidase). The presence of the detected phytochemicals may be linked to the active qualities of the plants' leaves. Conclusion: The phytochemical profile of fractionated extracts classified as flavonoids and alkaloids are stated to be antidiabetic agents, and this has proved that the researched plants have antidiabetic potentialМета дослідження: З метою підтвердження використання в лікуванні діабету та визначення наявності численних фітохімічних речовин, які можуть бути пов’язані з активною дією рослин, фракціоновані екстракти Leptadenia hastata та Entada africana було проаналізовано in vitro Матеріал і методи: листя рослин висушували, подрібнювали за допомогою подрібнювального апарату Sumeet CM/L 2128945, розмір частинок був 45,85 мкм і проводили екстрагування метанолом. Неочищені екстракти фракціонували за допомогою колонки діаметром 30×8 см і 60 г силікагелю марки 60 F254, використовуючи метанол як елюент, фракції концентрували за допомогою роторного випарника, фракціоновані екстракти пропускали на тонкошарову хроматографічну пластину (ТШХ) та визначено їх коефіцієнти затримки (КЗ). Фракції об’єднували за подібним КЗ і знову проявляли за допомогою ТШХ пластини, після чого розраховували кінцевий РФ. Неочищені екстракти кількісно визначали на вміст фітохімічних речовин, а фітохімічні речовини, присутні у фракціонованих екстрактах (LH1 і EA2), ідентифікували за допомогою ВЕРХ-УФ-детектора. Екстракти (LH1 і EA2) були протестовані на антидіабетичний потенціал за допомогою ферментів α-глюкозидази та α-амілази в антидіабетичному аналізі in vitro. Результати: Вихід фракціонованих екстрактів становив 10,0 мг (Leptadenia hastata) і 11,5,0 мг (Entada Africana) і позначений як LH1 і EA2, КЗ для LH1 і EA2 становив 0,75±0,01 і 0,77±0,03 відповідно. Найбільшу кількість алкалоїду виявлено в E. Africana (14,50±0,25 мг/г), тоді як у L. Hastata танін не виявлено. У складі L. Hastata (LH1) було виявлено тринадцять фітохімічних речовин, з яких три були алкалоїдами. Тринадцять фітохімічних речовин було виявлено у фракції E. Africana (EA2), вісім з них були алкалоїдами та флавоноїдами. У порівнянні зі звичайною акарбозою протидіабетичні властивості рослин були кращими. EA2 мав EC50 0,950,17 г/мл (α-амілаза) і 0,970,41 г/мл (α-глюкозидаза), тоді як LH1 мав EC50 1,00±0,11 г/мл (α-амілаза) і 0,90±0,35 г/мл. мл (α-глюкозидаза). Наявність виявлених фітохімічних речовин може бути пов’язана з активними властивостями листя рослин. Висновок: фітохімічний профіль фракціонованих екстрактів, класифікованих як флавоноїди та алкалоїди, є протидіабетичними засобами, і це довело, що досліджувані рослини мають антидіабетичний потенціа

Phytochemicals Profile and In-vitro Antidiabetic Potentials of Fractionated Extracts of Entada Africana and Leptadenia Hastata

Aim: To confirm their use in the management of diabetes and to determine the numerous phytochemicals present that may be connected to the active performance of the plants, the fractionated extracts of Leptadenia hastata and Entada africana were subjected to an in vitro experiment. Material and methods: The plant leaves were dried, pulverized with a Sumeet CM/L 2128945 grinder, the particle size was 45.85 μm and extracted with methanol. The crude extracts were fractionated using a 30×8 cm diameter column and 60g of silica gel 60 F254 grade, using methanol as eluent and fractions were concentrated using a rotary evaporator, the fractionated extracts were run on thin layer Chromatographic plate (TLC) and their retardation factors (RF) were determined. Fractions of similar RF were pulled together and spotted again using TLC plate and the final (RF) were calculated. The crude extracts were quantified for the content of phytochemicals and the phytochemicals present in the fractionated extracts (LH1 and EA2) were identified using HPLC-UV detector. The extracts (LH1 and EA2) were tested for antidiabetic potentials using α -glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes in an in-vitro antidiabetic assay. Results: The yields of the fractionated extracts were 10.0 mg (Leptadenia hastata) and 11.5.0 mg (Entada Africana) and designated as LH1 and EA2, the RF for LH1 and EA2 were 0.75±0.01 and 0.77±0.03 respectively. The maximum amount of alkaloid was found in E. Africana (14.50±0.25 mg/g), while tannin was not found in L. Hastata. In the portion of L. Hastata (LH1), thirteen phytochemicals were discovered and out of these three were alkaloids. Thirteen phytochemicals were found in the E. Africana fraction (EA2), with eight of them being alkaloids and flavonoids. When compared to the usual acarbose, the plants' anti-diabetic properties were superior. EA2 had EC50 of 0.950.17 g/ml (α-amylase) and 0.970.41 g/ml (α-glucosidase), while LH1 had EC50 of 1.00±0.11 g/ml (α-amylase) and 0.90±0.35 g/ml (α-glucosidase). The presence of the detected phytochemicals may be linked to the active qualities of the plants' leaves. Conclusion: The phytochemical profile of fractionated extracts classified as flavonoids and alkaloids are stated to be antidiabetic agents, and this has proved that the researched plants have antidiabetic potentia