15,860 research outputs found
Classification of scale-free networks
While the emergence of a power law degree distribution in complex networks is
intriguing, the degree exponent is not universal. Here we show that the
betweenness centrality displays a power-law distribution with an exponent \eta
which is robust and use it to classify the scale-free networks. We have
observed two universality classes with \eta \approx 2.2(1) and 2.0,
respectively. Real world networks for the former are the protein interaction
networks, the metabolic networks for eukaryotes and bacteria, and the
co-authorship network, and those for the latter one are the Internet, the
world-wide web, and the metabolic networks for archaea. Distinct features of
the mass-distance relation, generic topology of geodesics and resilience under
attack of the two classes are identified. Various model networks also belong to
either of the two classes while their degree exponents are tunable.Comment: 6 Pages, 6 Figures, 1 tabl
Concept of multiple-cell cavity for axion dark matter search
In cavity-based axion dark matter search experiments exploring high mass
regions, multiple-cavity design is considered to increase the detection volume
within a given magnet bore. We introduce a new idea, referred to as
multiple-cell cavity, which provides various benefits including a larger
detection volume, simpler experimental setup, and easier phase-matching
mechanism. We present the characteristics of this concept and demonstrate the
experimental feasibility with an example of a double-cell cavity.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figure
Two Circular-Rotational Eigenmodes in Vortex Gyrotropic Motions in Soft Magnetic Nanodots
We found, by micromagnetic numerical and analytical calculations, that the
clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) circular-rotational motions of a
magnetic vortex core in a soft magnetic circular nanodot are the elementary
eigenmodes existing in the gyrotropic motion with respect to the corresponding
CW and CCW circular-rotational-field eigenbasis. Any steady-state vortex
gyrotropic motions driven by a linearly polarized oscillating in-plane magnetic
field in the linear regime can be perfectly understood according to the
superposition of the two circular eigenmodes, which show asymmetric resonance
characteristics reflecting the vortex polarization. The relative magnitudes in
the amplitude and phase between the CCW and CW eigenmodes determine the
elongation and orientation of the orbital trajectories of the vortex core
motions, respectively, which trajectories vary with the polarization and
chirality of the given vortex as well as the field frequency across the
resonance frequency.Comment: 30 pages, 7 figure
Generating a Schr\"odinger-cat-like state via a coherent superposition of photonic operations
We propose an optical scheme to generate a superposition of coherent states
with enhanced size adopting an interferometric setting at the single-photon
level currently available in the laboratory. Our scheme employs a nondegenerate
optical parametric amplifier together with two beam splitters so that the
detection of single photons at the output conditionally implements the desired
superposition of second-order photonic operations. We analyze our proposed
scheme by considering realistic on-off photodetectors with nonideal efficiency
in heralding the success of conditional events. A high-quality performance of
our scheme is demonstrated in view of various criteria such as quantum
fidelity, mean output energy, and measure of quantum interference
Frustrated H-Induced Instability of Mo(110)
Using helium atom scattering Hulpke and L"udecke recently observed a giant
phonon anomaly for the hydrogen covered W(110) and Mo(110) surfaces. An
explanation which is able to account for this and other experiments is still
lacking. Below we present density-functional theory calculations of the atomic
and electronic structure of the clean and hydrogen-covered Mo(110) surfaces.
For the full adsorbate monolayer the calculations provide evidence for a strong
Fermi surface nesting instability. This explains the observed anomalies and
resolves the apparent inconsistencies of different experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PR
Oxidation States of Graphene: Insights from Computational Spectroscopy
When it is oxidized, graphite can be easily exfoliated forming graphene oxide
(GO). GO is a critical intermediate for massive production of graphene, and it
is also an important material with various application potentials. With many
different oxidation species randomly distributed on the basal plane, GO has a
complicated nonstoichiometric atomic structure that is still not well
understood in spite of of intensive studies involving many experimental
techniques. Controversies often exist in experimental data interpretation. We
report here a first principles study on binding energy of carbon 1s orbital in
GO. The calculated results can be well used to interpret experimental X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data and provide a unified spectral
assignment. Based on the first principles understanding of XPS, a GO structure
model containing new oxidation species epoxy pair and epoxy-hydroxy pair is
proposed. Our results demonstrate that first principles computational
spectroscopy provides a powerful means to investigate GO structure.Comment: accepted by J. Chem. Phy
Anisotropic strains and magnetoresistance of La_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_{3}
Thin films of perovskite manganite La_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_{3} were grown
epitaxially on SrTiO_3(100), MgO(100) and LaAlO_3(100) substrates by the pulsed
laser deposition method. Microscopic structures of these thin film samples as
well as a bulk sample were fully determined by x-ray diffraction measurements.
The unit cells of the three films have different shapes, i.e., contracted
tetragonal, cubic, and elongated tetragonal for SrTiO_3, MgO, and LaAlO_3
cases, respectively, while the unit cell of the bulk is cubic. It is found that
the samples with cubic unit cell show smaller peak magnetoresistance than the
noncubic ones do. The present result demonstrates that the magnetoresistance of
La_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_{3} can be controlled by lattice distortion via externally
imposed strains.Comment: Revtex, 10 pages, 2 figure
Quickest Paths in Simulations of Pedestrians
This contribution proposes a method to make agents in a microscopic
simulation of pedestrian traffic walk approximately along a path of estimated
minimal remaining travel time to their destination. Usually models of
pedestrian dynamics are (implicitly) built on the assumption that pedestrians
walk along the shortest path. Model elements formulated to make pedestrians
locally avoid collisions and intrusion into personal space do not produce
motion on quickest paths. Therefore a special model element is needed, if one
wants to model and simulate pedestrians for whom travel time matters most (e.g.
travelers in a station hall who are late for a train). Here such a model
element is proposed, discussed and used within the Social Force Model.Comment: revised version submitte
Map equation for link community
Community structure exists in many real-world networks and has been reported
being related to several functional properties of the networks. The
conventional approach was partitioning nodes into communities, while some
recent studies start partitioning links instead of nodes to find overlapping
communities of nodes efficiently. We extended the map equation method, which
was originally developed for node communities, to find link communities in
networks. This method is tested on various kinds of networks and compared with
the metadata of the networks, and the results show that our method can identify
the overlapping role of nodes effectively. The advantage of this method is that
the node community scheme and link community scheme can be compared
quantitatively by measuring the unknown information left in the networks
besides the community structure. It can be used to decide quantitatively
whether or not the link community scheme should be used instead of the node
community scheme. Furthermore, this method can be easily extended to the
directed and weighted networks since it is based on the random walk.Comment: 9 pages,5 figure
Lattice dynamics and correlated atomic motion from the atomic pair distribution function
The mean-square relative displacements (MSRD) of atomic pair motions in
crystals are studied as a function of pair distance and temperature using the
atomic pair distribution function (PDF). The effects of the lattice vibrations
on the PDF peak widths are modelled using both a multi-parameter Born
von-Karman (BvK) force model and a single-parameter Debye model. These results
are compared to experimentally determined PDFs. We find that the near-neighbor
atomic motions are strongly correlated, and that the extent of this correlation
depends both on the interatomic interactions and crystal structure. These
results suggest that proper account of the lattice vibrational effects on the
PDF peak width is important in extracting information on static disorder in a
disordered system such as an alloy. Good agreement is obtained between the BvK
model calculations of PDF peak widths and the experimentally determined peak
widths. The Debye model successfully explains the average, though not detailed,
natures of the MSRD of atomic pair motion with just one parameter. Also the
temperature dependence of the Debye model largely agrees with the BvK model
predictions. Therefore, the Debye model provides a simple description of the
effects of lattice vibrations on the PDF peak widths.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure
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